A thin film is a metal or metal-ceramic layer of material that is deposited, atom-by-atom, on the surface of a substrate. The thin film forms a bonded layer that changes the part's appearance, durability or function.
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Thin films don't affect dimensional tolerance or the substrate's desired textures. They are used to improve a product's color, light reflection or refraction, hardness or electrical insulation and conductance.
Thin film thickness ranges from fractions of a nanometer (1 nm = 0. m = 10 angstroms) to several micrometers (1 μm = 0. m). For reference, the diameter of a human hair ranges from 17-181 μm. A strand of spider web silk has a width of 3 to 8 μm.
The controlled synthesis of materials as thin films (a process referred to as "deposition") is a crucial need in many industries. For example, architectural glass, displays, touch panels and solar cells all contain thin films. A familiar example is a mirror, which typically has a thin metal coating on the back of a sheet of glass to form a reflective interface.
Two basic methods are used to create thin films: 1) Chemical deposition, where a fluid precursor undergoes a chemical change at a solid surface and 2) Physical deposition, which uses mechanical, electromechanical or thermodynamic means.
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A type of physical deposition is physical vapor deposition (PVD), which occurs in a vacuum. Sputtering is a type of PVD.
Precious metal sputtering targets are used in the vacuum coating process to manufacture products in a variety of industries including aerospace, automotive, glass, medical devices, semiconductors and more.
Companies using precious metal sputter targets for thin film applications range in size from Global Fortune 500 corporations to small businesses, startups and divisions of multinational companies with unique specialties. Materials Science and Engineering faculty at Universities also use gold, silver, platinum and palladium sputtering targets in graduate and undergraduate research and development.
Large area silver sputtering targets are common in the glass industry to manufacture Low-E Glass which reduces heating and cooling costs of buildings. Gold sputtering targets are used in aerospace to coat visors of astronauts, windows of spacecraft and more. Precious metal targets are used in diabetes test strips and other medical devices and are found in a variety of automotive and aviation electronics, semiconductors, solar panels and emerging zero-carbon technologies. Precious metal sputter targets and the vacuum coating process in general play an essential role in a new generation of innovative products.
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