As we mentioned above, there are industry standards that govern thread design. Threaded connections can either be straight or tapered, and the exact specifications are determined by three sets of standards: National Pipe Thread, British Standard Pipe and Metric (more on these below).
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Straight threaded connections maintain the same diameter along their entire length and require a washer or soft O-ring seal to stay leak-tight. Tapered threads, as the name suggests, taper in diameter toward the end of the connection. Tapered connections do not require an O-ring seal, but still need pipe tape or sealant to achieve a leak-tight seal.
National Pipe Thread (NPT) is the standard for piping thread design in most of North America (excluding Mexico). NPT threads are unified and pitched at a 60 degree angle with flat peaks and valleys, and can be either straight (NPS) or tapered. When male and female tapered threads are connected, they pull tight against one another to create a leak-tight seal.
NPT specifications are defined by ASME B1.20.1. Sizes are classified by the connection&#;s major diameter in inches followed by &#;NPT&#; (4 NPT).
British Standard Pipe (BSP) threads are accepted in most parts of the world besides the U.S. and Canada. BSP threads are unified and pitched at a 55 degree angle with rounded peaks and valleys; like NPT threads, they can be tapered or straight.
Tapered BSP (BSPT) threaded connections require sealant to form a leak-tight seal between the male and female components. Straight or parallel BSP (BSPP) threaded connections do not require thread sealant, since a bonded seal is incorporated into the design.
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BSP threads are defined by BS EN -1:, BS EN -2: and BS EN -3:. BSP sizes are specified using the letters R (which stands for rohr, or &#;pipe&#; in German) for tapered connections and G (gas) for straight connections, followed by the major diameter in inches (R 2 ½).
The ISO metric thread standard, or M, is an international, general purpose screw thread standard. M threads are parallel, pitched at 60 degrees and have flat peaks and valleys. The design is defined by ISO 68-1, which was one of the first standards set by the ISO in .
The major difference between M, BSP and NPT threads is that M threads are measured in millimeters. Sizes are specified with M followed by the major diameter and the pitch, separated by a hyphen (M8-1.25). The pitch is the distance in millimeters between the crests of two threads.
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