There are several types of springs used in different capacities. Generally, there are three main categories, and each category has its subcategories. Below are the properties of the different spring types and their applications.
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Helical springs have a general helix shape (hence the name) but different cross-sections. They are the most common types of springs in rapid prototyping and are widely applicable in product manufacturing. Below are the different types of helical springs.
Compression springs are open coiled springs with a constant diameter and space between each coil. The springs are compressible only one way as they resist axial compression. These spring types are widely applicable in product manufacturing, such as valves and suspension.
Extension springs are closed compression springs. They function by elongating during tension and storing energy. When on tension removal, the mechanical spring returns to its original shape dissipating the energy. Extension springs are an important part of garage doors, pull levers, jaw pliers, and weighing machines.
A torsion spring is attached to two components horizontally or vertically using their two ends. They function by storing and releasing rotational energy. The tighter the winding, the more energy the spring stores and releases on load removal. They are applicable in garage doors, watches, etc.
Spiral springs are rectangular metal strips made into a flat spiral that can store and release a reasonable amount of energy at a constant rate. Due to the constant release of energy, they are applicable in making mechanical watches, seat recliners, toys, etc.
These spring types are from rectangular metal plates or leave bolted, clamped, and applicable in shock absorption in heavy vehicles. Below are the different leaf springs types.
Elliptical leaf spring comprises two stacked, bolted, and clamped leaves with semi-elliptical shapes connected in opposite directions. Although they have opposite directions, there is no need for spring shackles due to the leaf’s subjection to the same amount of elongation on compression. These springs were important in old cars where car manufacturers attached them to the axle and frame. However, they are not much important nowadays.
Semi elliptical leaf spring comes from steel leaves having the same width and thickness but different lengths. The longest/uppermost leave is the master leaf. They are the most popular leaf spring in automobiles as they require less maintenance and have a long life.
Semi elliptical leaf springs have an end fixed rigidly to the automobile frame and the other to the shackles. Therefore, the length varies when driving in rough terrains, aiding in shock absorption.
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Like the elliptical leaf spring, the quarter elliptical leaf spring is olden. Also known as the cantilever type of leaf spring, it has one end fixed on the frame side member using a U-clamp or I-bolt and the other freely connected to the axle. Therefore, when the front axle beams experience shocks, the leaves can easily straighten and absorb the shock.
This leaf spring is a combination of the quarter elliptical spring and semi-elliptical spring. On the one hand, the semi-elliptical ends are attached to the vehicle frame and the quarter elliptical spring. On the other hand, the free end of the quarter elliptical spring is then attached to the vehicle frame using an I-bolt.
These are semi-elliptical leaf springs mounted transversely along a vehicle width. In this arrangement, the longest leaf is at the bottom while the mid-portion is fixed to the frame using a U-bolt. Transverse leaf springs lead to rolling. Therefore, they have limited use in the automobile industry.
Disk springs are springs with conical shapes and flexible effects. Consequently, they are applicable in limited space. Below are the types of disk springs.
Belleville disk spring or coned-shaped disk spring has a cupped construction. Therefore, they don’t lie flat. They can compress and handle heavy loads. Therefore, they are applicable to products used in high-stress conditions.
Curved disk springs or crescent washers function by applying light pressure to the mating pair. Therefore, they can resist loosening due to vibration. They are applicable in products that use threaded bolts, fasteners, screws, and nuts in machines which high and constant vibration.
Slotted disk springs have slots on the outer and inner diameter. Therefore, they reduce spring load and increase deflection. They are widely applicable in automatic transmissions, clutches, and overload couplings.
Wave disk springs look like architectural projects with their multiple waves per turn. Consequently, they are applicable in predictable loading as they can act as a cushion by absorbing stress when compressed axially.
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