By Carson Hu
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24 Oct, 2019
Right now, there are over 3,000 facilities on the Outer Continental Shelf involved in the collection and treatment of oil and gas. These oils and gases are collected from wells -- a process that's performed using certain types of high pressure valves. Of course, different types of American ball valves offer different results and it's crucial that the right projects are executed with the right types of valves. Quite often, the types of valves being used are ball valves, sometimes referred to as pig ball valves or pig vales (as they are used in conjunction with pipeline pigging systems). Before sourcing and investing in valves, it is important to understand the degree to which these valves may differ from one another. Let's delve into some of the defining characteristics of ball valve types. Ball Valve Body Styles Before getting into the exact types of ball valves that are available at the moment, it's important to remember that there are actually four separate types of body styles. These include the single body, split body, top entry, and welded styles. The styles of ball valves available differ from the types of ball valves available. This means that there are number of potential variations that you can see in ball valves. The great thing about this variety is that it means that there is more potential applicability in ball valves than there would be otherwise. Full Port Ball Valves: Turning to the different body types of ball valves, we can first look at the full port ball valve. A full port ball valve is defined by the fact that it has an oversized ball. The oversized ball has a purpose -- it is the same size as the pipeline. This means that there will be less potential friction less than there would be if the ball wasn't the same size as the pipeline, and the flow involved is unrestricted. The valve is larger as well. Standard Port Valves: As their name suggests, standard port valve are quite usual. This means they're less expensive than some alternatives. This type of valve has a smaller ball, and therefore the valve itself is smaller as well. The flow going through the pipe will in turn be smaller and will typically be about one pipe size smaller than the valve's pipe size. This makes it more restricted. The V Port Ball Valve: The V port ball valve is named after its V-shaped seat. What this means is that the orifice through which the product flows can be more easily opened and closed to change its direction. While many like this idea, the construction of this type of valve means that it can't be used just anywhere. It typically needs to be utilized in a more secure site. When the valve is opened, it is usually opened at the "small end" first, which helps stabilize the flow control. Trunnion Ball Valve: Then there is the trunnion ball valve, which doesn't exactly give much away through its name. This type of valve will actually anchor the valve at the top and the bottom through a particular mechanism. This would be applied on larger and more high pressure valves. While this type of valve isn't going to fit everyone's needs, it can definitely be used for particularly high pressure projects. Manually Operated Valves: Finally, these types of valves can be closed more quickly than their counterparts. Though this is an advantage in some cases, it also means that there can be a risk of a water hammer. These can include an actuator, which can be pneumatically or motor operated, which will in turn be used for on/off flow control. The valve will also have a positioner, which transforms the control signal into an actuator position. The flexibility of this type of valve is certainly an advantage to most projects. Now that you're more familiar with the styles and types of ball valves, you'll be in a better position to make decisions that will support your needs. For more information, please contact us today.
This publication is part of the Household Water Quality series.
If you are one of the many Americans who use groundwater for drinking, the proper protection of your well and wellhead is essential for the health of your family, yourself and your neighbors. Groundwater is susceptible to contamination from a variety of sources, including septic tanks, pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides) and household chemicals. As hundreds of wells often tap into the same aquifer (large underground water supply), it is essential to prevent contamination from reaching these vital underground resources. In addition, protecting your wellhead is often an easier and less expensive means of ensuring the safety of your water supply than a water treatment system.
Safety, rather than convenience or economy, should be the first priority when selecting a location for your well. Ideally, a well should be located high in the landscape so that surface water drains away from it. The well should not be located in a flood-prone location unless the well casing extends at least 2 feet above the level of the highest known flood of record. Be sure to site the well uphill from runoff that may contain pesticides and other contaminants. The Georgia Water Well Standards Act of 1985 requires the following minimum separation distances between a well and various potential sources of contamination:
A properly constructed and sealed well greatly reduces the risk of contamination. Be sure to examine the following:
Remember that a poorly constructed well provides direct access for contaminants on the surface that can pollute your groundwater and make you sick!
Sanitary Well Cap. The airtight rubber gasket seal prevents entry of anything, while the screened vent allows for air exchange.Sanitary Well Cap. The airtight rubber gasket seal prevents entry of anything, while the screened vent allows for air exchange. https://extension.psu.edu/proper-water-well-construction
Note: According to the Georgia Water Well Standards Act of 1985, individual water well means a well that is constructed for the purpose of obtaining ground water to supply water to a single-family dwelling and intended for domestic use, including, but not limited to, household purposes, farm livestock or gardens. Nonpublic water well means a well that is constructed as a source of water supply for a water system that provides piped water to the public for human consumption, if such system has fewer than 15 service connections or regularly serves fewer than 25 individuals, excluding individual water wells.
It is preferred, however, that the well grout extends all the way from the ground surface to the depth the casing is set. For large diameter water wells cased with concrete pipe or other acceptable casing material, if the casing joints are not sealed, the annular space must be grouted as specified above, and the annular space below the grout must be filled with sand or gravel.
Well construction must be done by a licensed well driller meeting the wellhead protection and other requirements listed in the Georgia Water Well Standards Act of 1985, (OCGA 12-5-120--12-5-137). For a list of licensed well drillers, contact the Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Watershed Protection Branch at 404-675-6232 or visit their website at www.gaepd.org. After completion, obtain a well construction log (you have the right to it) from the driller and keep it for your records.
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It is difficult to fix the problem of inadequate grouting in an existing well. However, installing a sanitary well cap and curbing with a concrete slab can be done. A step-by-step procedure for curbing an existing well is described in the Georiga Home*A*Syst publication Improving Drinking Water Well Condition, available at your local county Extension office or on teh Web at http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications.
Possible sources of contamination should be kept away to prevent contamination from accidental spills or seepage. Keep in mind the following tips:
Backflow or back siphonage can contaminate your water system. If your well pump unexpectedly stops while a hose is submerged in chemicals, the backflow due to drop in pressure could draw those chemicals directly into your well. Likewise, water from laundry tubs, sinks, washing machines, swimming pools, etc. could flow back through plumbing to contaminate the well. To help prevent backflow:
Abandoned wells are common throughout rural areas. They present a variety of health hazards, including allowing a pathway for pollutants to contaminate groundwater. Sealing abandoned wells will prevent pollution and eliminate the possibility of someone falling into the well. Abandoned wells should never be used for the disposal of garbage or other contaminants! Make sure that any abandoned wells on your property are filled, sealed and plugged by a licensed water well driller as instructed in the Georgia Water Well Standards Act of 1985, (OCGA 12-5-120--12-5-137).
It is the responsibility of the user of the well to have their private water supply tested. Testing should be carried out routinely once a year, particularly for bacteria and nitrates, to ensure the safety of your well water and to establish a record of well water quality. Testing for other contaminants should be done if there is reason to suspect their presence. Each time the well is tested, it is a snapshot in time. Developing a long-term record of testing will help determine if water quality is changing over time. Also remember that testing should be done any time there is a change in the taste, clarity or smell of your water. More information about water testing is available in the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Circular 858-2, Testing for Water Quality, available in your local county Extension office (Call 1-800-ASK-UGA1) or on the web at http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications. To have your water tested, contact either your county Extension agent or a certified private laboratory. For a list of state certified water testing laboratories, contact the Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Watershed Protection Branch, Drinking Water Program, Compliance and Enforcement Unit by phone at 404-656-5660 or visit their website at www.gaepd.org.
The University of Georgia offers an opportunity for well owners to assess the risk associated with their wells through the HOME*A*SYST / FARM*A*SYST program. These self-assessments will allow you to determine the risks associated with your well. For more information, contact your county agent or visit http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications.
"BMPs for Wellhead Protection," University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System.
"Eliminating an Unnecessary Risk: Abandoned Wells and Cisterns," Missouri Department of Natural Resources.
"Wells and Well Head Protection," Clemson Extension, Clemson University.
FARM*A*SYST Wellhead Protection , Risse, Mark & Williams, Tina.,University of Georgia.
The State of Georgia Water Well Standard. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division.
Tyson, Anthony W. "Wellhead Protection for Private Domestic Wells," The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Adam Speir, Mark Risse, The University of Georgia; Dr. Brian Benham, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Dr. Sharon O. Skipton, University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
Status and Revision History
Published with Minor Revisions on Jan 31, 2013
Published with Full Review on Sep 01, 2016
Published with Full Review on Oct 21, 2022
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