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Invention and creation tools are the extension of human ability, the symbol of human wisdom and the lever to promote social development and progress. Tools play an irreplaceable role in the history of human development, and with the high efficiency and high precision of the work requirements, the production technology requirements for tools are getting higher and higher.
70 years ago people are struggling to find how to change the hard brittle materials processing of hard and inefficient labor status, until , artificial diamond synthesis of success in the United States for the first time, which laid a foundation for manufacturing diamond tools and promotion, as well as many tough hard brittle non-metallic materials processing industry has brought the dawn, become an epoch-making tool revolution in the history of mankind, the machining efficiency significantly higher than in the past, diamond tools, with its unique performance advantages, become the recognized today, the only effective hard brittle non-metallic materials processing tools, for example, can only in diamond tool machining of hard ceramic, There are no other substitutes. Diamond wheels are used to grind hard alloys and last ten thousand times longer than silicon carbide. Using diamond abrasive instead of silicon carbide abrasive to process optical glass, the production efficiency can be increased several times to dozens of times. The service life of diamond polycrystalline drawing die is 250 times longer than that of hard alloy drawing die.
With the continuous development of our economy, not only diamond tools are widely used in civil building and civil engineering, stone processing industry, automobile industry, transportation industry, geological exploration and defense industry and other modern high-tech fields, and precious stones, medical equipment, wood, glass, stone crafts, ceramic and composite non-metallic hard brittle materials, and many other new fields appear constantly, social demand for diamond tools is sharply increased year by year. In terms of product positioning, diamond tool market is generally divided into professional market and general market. The requirements of the professional market for diamond tools are mainly reflected in the high requirements for performance indicators, that is, for specific cutting equipment and specific cutting materials, diamond tools must meet certain cutting efficiency, cutting life, machining accuracy and other technical indicators. The output of professional diamond tools is only about 10% of the total amount of diamond tools, but its market sales account for 80% ~ 90% of the total amount of diamond tools.
In the s, diamond tool manufacturing industry took the lead in industrialized countries in Europe and America and developed rapidly. In the s, Japan quickly became one of the leading manufacturers of diamond tools because of its relatively low manufacturing cost. In the s, South Korea replaced Japan as a rising star in the diamond tool industry. In the 90 s, with the rise of China's manufacturing industry in the world, China's manufacturing diamond tools are also beginning to start, and gradually showed strong competitiveness, after ten years of development, production of diamond tools in China have been thousands of manufacturers, the annual output value of more than ten billion yuan, after South Korea has become the current international market one of the main supplier of diamond tools.
With the accumulation and progress of China's diamond tool manufacturing technology, Chinese diamond tool enterprises are now fully capable of manufacturing medium and high-grade diamond tools, and have a significant advantage in product cost performance. The former technical monopoly of western countries in the medium and high-end professional market has been broken. The trend of Chinese diamond tool enterprises to enter the middle and high-end market has already appeared.
In terms of product types, Chinese diamond tool enterprises mainly produce: diamond saw blades, diamond drill bits, diamond bowl grinding and diamond tools, diamond, diamond resin grinding blocks and other products. Among them, diamond saw blade is the largest variety of diamond tool enterprises in China.
You shall make a breastpiece of judgment, in skilled work. In the style of the ephod you shall make it&#;of gold, blue and purple and scarlet yarns, and fine twined linen shall you make it. It shall be square and doubled, a span its length and a span its breadth. You shall set in it four rows of stones. A row of sardius, topaz, and carbuncle shall be the first row and the second row an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. Exodus 28:15 &#; 28:18
This reference has caused people to believe that diamonds were known in biblical times. But the &#;diamond&#; comes from the erroneous translation of the Hebrew yahalom and Greek adamas.
The early history of the diamond is shrouded in mystery. When the first diamonds started playing a role in the lives of humans is simply unknown. Looking at the available literature the same thing keeps popping up: accurately translating ancient texts is very difficult. Two words which often have been translated into diamond, the Hebrew &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (yahalom &#; derived from halam which means to beat) and the Greek αδάμας (adamas which means indomitable or invincible) have caused confusion.
When we read the old testament we encounter several diamonds but their existence is solely based on the translation of the Hebrew yahalom. The word was used to indicate an extremely hard mineral, that is certain, but assuming that it was actually referring to diamond is a modern thought. We know that diamond is the hardest substance on earth but was it known as the hardest in biblical times too?
Greek literature indicates the same issue. The use of the word adamas, for instance by Plato, has been seen as an indication of diamonds being known to the Greeks but in fact, there is zero proof that this was the case. The word adamas was probably used to describe gold, Metals (Non-Noble) and perhaps even corundum.
Early gemological historians didn&#;t have access to (translated) Sanskrit texts so one hardly ever reads anything on India&#;s own historical sources on the use of diamonds. When diamonds became a part of our lives is unclear but where they entered is completely certain: in India.
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An old Indian work, named the Arthasastra, which can be dated back to the 4th century BC gives us the first proper insight in when diamonds were first used. By then diamonds were known, traded and even taxed in India. The existence of diamond experts is mentioned together with a classification of diamond. This implies a rather thorough knowledge of the subject, something which could lead to the belief that diamonds were in use for quite some time by then.
Diamonds were known to and worn by the Romans. They were highly prized as ring stones and a few rings containing uncut diamonds have survived and are now in the collection of The British Museum. Pliny writes about diamonds in his Naturalis Historia, calling them: &#;The substance that possesses the greatest value, not only among the precious stones but of all human possessions&#;. He doesn&#;t mention any fashioning of the stones at all. What he does note is the incredible hardness of diamonds and (probably without knowing) Pliny mentions its perfect cleavage:
These stones are tested upon the anvil, and will resist the blow to such an extent, as to make the iron rebound and the very anvil split asunder. Indeed its hardness is beyond all expression &#; When, by good fortune, this stone does happen to be broken, it divides into fragments so minute as to be almost imperceptible. These particles are held in great request by engravers, who enclose them in iron, and are enabled thereby, with the greatest facility, to cut the very hardest substances known.
Some of the quote above certainly sounds like diamonds are being discussed but Pliny mentions a few things which don&#;t add up. This must indicate that he confused some other minerals with diamonds. Herbert Tillander, who has written an excellent book on the history of diamond cutting, expresses his doubts about the Romans having access to perfect crystals; the Indian suppliers would certainly have kept the better stones for the native market.
Diamonds were believed to protect the owner from all kinds of mishap and, for a long time, it was believed that this divine crystal would lose its powers when it was in any other state than the natural one. Cutting diamonds was as much a taboo as it was difficult in the Ancient times. Tillander suggests that diamond cutting started with removing mineral matter off the faces of freshly mined crystals, which makes perfect sense. Whether controlled cleaving was being performed is unknown. This is such a rudimentary practice that there were no technical limitations preventing the ancient people to apply it to their off-shaped diamond rough but historical or archaeological proof of any early cleaving lacks completely.
After the decline of the Roman empire diamonds disappeared from European jewelry altogether. India was the only source of diamonds until the 18th century and the supply chain to Western Europe got disturbed by the lack of Roman merchants. The spread of Christianity had already subdued the popularity of the gem. The new religion condemned the superstitious attributes which had accompanied the stones. Contrary to the European situation, the gem retained its popularity in the Indian and Islamic world and it is in historic sources from these regions where interesting historical references are to be found.
The Ratnapariska by Bhudda Bhatta, an Indian text which, at least, dates back to the 6th century notes the following:
Wise men should not use a diamond with visible flaws as a gem; it can be used only for polishing of gems, and it is of little value.
Since polishing other gemstones with a full crystal isn&#;t feasible this text must have indicated the grounding up of bad quality diamonds in order to create diamond powder.
Our historical trip then takes us to the 10th century where Al-Biruni writes this:
&#;these people also say that it (the diamond) is the hardest amongst all precious stones and overcomes all other stones, yet the softest and least compact metal breaks it, that is, the lead which is wax like. &#;It (the lead) also pulverizes the diamond&#; When on grinding and pulverization its (the diamond&#;s) pieces get smaller the jewelers coat them with something that keeps the flies away.
Now, why is this so interesting? First, here we have reliable historical sources telling us that 6th-century Indian lapidary workers and 10th-century Islamic jewelers were grinding up diamonds in order to polish other stones. What is remarkable is that somewhere else in the same text Al-Biruni dismisses a stone from being a diamond because it&#;s crystal faces could be polished. This would imply that the polishing of diamonds with diamond dust wasn&#;t known yet by the 10th century.
Jack Ogden, a notable jewelry historian, reports to have seen Medieval Islamic jewelry that could be dated back to the 13th century which contains simple Table Cut diamonds. These would be the oldest known cut diamonds in existence. Ogden&#;s report coincides with historical literature. An Indian text named the Agastimata, which unfortunately hasn&#;t been accurately dated but is believed to be written shortly after the 13th century AD, teaches us the following:
The diamond cannot be cut by means of metals and gems of other species; but it also resists polishing, the diamond can only be polished by means of other diamonds.
European diamond cutting would have originated in Venice, shortly after . This is indeed very likely since it was only after Venetian merchants started opening up the trade routes to the East that diamonds started trickling into Europe again. Whether cutting techniques were part of this new import to Europe isn&#;t clear but can be called plausible given the fact that both the practice of grinding poor quality diamonds to dust and the cleaving of diamonds were known by the men who were supplying the Venetians with diamonds: the Islamic merchants. Definite proof of where diamond cutting originated hasn&#;t been found yet, it could just as easily have been a European invention which backtracked the road the diamonds traveled.
Just as in Ancient times, perfectly shaped crystals would not have been reaching the West in any quantities. Their popularity in India would have caused the better samples to be preserved for the local market and the Islamic middle-men would certainly have picked the eyes out of the supply as well. Perhaps this is why Europeans started to cut diamonds? It is possible that the demand for perfect crystals and lack of such a supply triggered the start of diamond fashioning in Europe.
Technical limitations caused the first cutters to stick to what their rough allowed them to do. At first diamond cutting would have been nothing more than superficial polishing of the existing rough. The introduction of continuous rotary motion in craft tools in the 15th century enabled cutters to grind facets into diamonds with greater ease which expanded the possibilities. This triggered more creativity and a wider variety of cuts.
Following the Venetian re-opening of the East, the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and English naval explorations to all corners of the globe assured a new, and steady, influx of luxury goods into Europe. The Portuguese conquered the City of Goa in , which they made the main diamond port of India. This enabled Europe&#;s diamond supply to grow considerably. Compared to the past, better rough would have been made available now that a direct line of supply was set up. It should be noted though that diamonds weren&#;t plentiful at all. Their status would have only risen from super rare to rare.
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