Special thanks to Damian Aegerter at Braavos GmbH / cableizer.com
for the kind permission to republish
In this 3rd article about cable pulling we discuss the usage of the weight correction and sidewall bearing pressure factors plus the conduit jamming ratio.
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Transportation, handling, and installation of cables causes often more mechanical stress than what is actually experienced during operation. Therefore, it is important to carefully plan the cable installation, which can be done in Cableizers updated cable pulling module.
The conductors of the cable are generally the only members that can bear the pulling forces without damage. Do not use metallic shielding wires, tapes, braids or armor not designed for the purpose in pulling tension calculations.
Pulling different conductor sizes at the same time is not recommended if the conductor size or other cable characteristics are significantly different. If you must pull different size conductors, it must be done with care.
Pulling additional cables into an existing conduit system is generally not recommended. If this must be done, extreme caution must be taken. Of special concern is the cutting action of the tensioned pulling rope.
Usage of weight correction factor
When multiple cables are pulled together, their mechanical configuration in the conduit is changing along the route which exposes them to uneven forces, an imbalance that is causing additional frictional drag. The weight correction factor f_wc is taking this into account by increasing the weight of cable assemblies consisting of more than one single cable.
Formulas for weight correction factors are mostly limited for pulling of up to 3 cables. Some formulas exist for pulling cable assemblies of 4 cables, but they were not leading to consistent results. Cableizer has extended the formulas for cable assemblies of up to 6 cables.
The following examples are calculated with a cable with an outer diameter D_e of 37 mm and a conduit with an inner diameter D_id of 150 mm. In addition, all calculations are also done on the example of a very large conduit (Di_d = 10 m) for validation reasons.
In this case, the cables lie next to each other and do not rub against each other, and the weight correction factor should be negligible (i.e. equal to 1.0).
As can bee seen in the following table, this is the case except for 5/6 cables which have a constant weight correction factor independent of the cable and conduit dimensions. As a consequence, the pulling force calculation in Cableizer for large conduits is rather conservative (i.e. on the safe side).
The above figures show that the weight correction factor is as expected incrasing with an incrasing number of cables pulled together.
Cradled configurations do have higher weight correction factors than when the cables are more organized (3 cables triangular/triplex or 4 cables diamond/quadruplex). If you are close to or exceeding the pulling force limits, it can therefore be of interest to investigate if binding the cables together can be an option.
Generally, manufacturers do also consider the influence of the weight correction factor when calculating the sidewall bearing pressure.
In Cableizer, this is considered with the sidewall bearing pressure factor f_rad, which can be optionally selected. Its calculations is always dependent on the weight correction factor, but it can be applied to the calculations independently of the weight correction factor. A normal use case is to either apply both f_wc and f_rad or none of them.
The following examples are calculated with a cable with an outer diameter of 37 mm and a conduit with an inner diameter of 150 mm.
The sidewall bearing pressure F_rad is proportional to the sidewall bearing pressure factor and the pulling force. The pulling force F_pull itself is proportional to the weight correction factor and the gravitational force. The gravitational force F_g itself is proportional to the number of cables N_c being pulled together.
As a consequence, the factor f_rad&#;f_wc&#;N_c indicates to what extent the sidewall bearing pressure is increased as compared to the case where a single cable is being pulled.
The above figures show that the sidewall bearing pressure on the most exposed cable is increasing steadily with an increasing number of cables being pulled. As expected, cradled configurations do have lower sidewall bearing pressures than when the cables are more organized (3 cables triangular/triplex or 4 cables diamond/quadruplex).
Jamming is the wedging of three unbound cables when pulled into a conduit. This usually occurs because of crossovers when the cables twist or are pulled around bends. The conduit jamming ratio is the ratio of the conduit inner diameter Di_d and the cable outside diameter D_e. When calculating jamming probabilities, a 5% factor is used to account for the oval cross-section of conduit bends. The cable diameters should be measured, since actual diameters may vary from the published nominal values.
Cableizer indicates the risk for jamming according to the following table. As shown, different references use different ranges for quantifying the jamming risk. Cableizer does only indicate the jamming ratio for Three cables unbound because even while jamming can occur when pulling four or more cables into a conduit, the probability is very low.
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Always follow the instructions from the cable manufacturer when preparing your cable pull. While some manufacturers disregard the use of the weight correction factor (example I from Brugg Cables), others include it in their calculations (example II from Southwire). In Cableizer, both options can conveniently be calculated.
Cableizer specifically disclaims any warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, accuracy, or fitness for any particular purpose of its calculation results.
The original article can be found on LinkedIn here
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We service UK and international clients working on underground cables, overhead lines, substations and electrical construction at LV, 11kV/33kV and up to EHV transmission and distribution voltages.
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Every job has its risks, some more than others. It&#;s always critical to understand those risks and to know what methods to use to ensure everyone&#;s safety. Even when your employees are working with the best wire and cable materials, there will always be electrical hazards to concern you.
Here are some safe cable-pulling practices that you should pass on to your workers to create a safer working environment for them:
The plan would include emergency actions, evacuations, and meeting building codes. A safety plan will be invaluable if there are problems, and it will also help mitigate any legal issues.
Only trained and experienced professional electricians should be involved in cable and wire installation. Amateurs and electricity make a dangerous combination. Do-it-yourself projects are relatively safe endeavors until it&#;s time for the electrical work. Whether it&#;s on the job or at home, the electrician, who is experienced and familiar with cable installation, is the one to call. Electricians already understand safety protocols and guidelines, so don&#;t take any chances by doing it yourself.
Although faulty wiring can lead to safety hazards, so can equipment that isn&#;t operating properly. You can reduce risks by ensuring your machinery is in working order, and the tools you&#;re using to handle the wiring and cables are the right ones for the job.
You never know where you&#;ll be asked to install wire and cables. It could be some out-of-the-way location where you&#;ll be working in an awkward position. You might be working at great heights or underground, out in the open or in a concealed space. You could even be working in proximity to water.
Check out the area ahead of time, and identify any potential safety concerns. Be aware and then prepare.
Wear protective clothing whenever you&#;re handling cable and wire. The potential for sparking or other electrical risks is always there, so flame-retardant clothing is a safe bet. Use non-conductive gloves and protect your eyes with safety glasses. If you&#;re in an area with the possibility of falling material, wear a hard hat. Specific shoes can prevent slipping and protect your feet if you drop something on them.
Before you allow access to the work area, test everything several times. Even though it&#;s connected, there is no guarantee it&#;s working correctly. Thorough testing will tell you whether it is and will save you time and aggravation down the road.
Once you&#;ve finished testing the connection, all that&#;s left is to make sure the cables are placed so that they don&#;t interfere with daily activities. Also, be sure to safely dispose or store old, unused, or extra cable or wire.
For more Cable Pulling Toolsinformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.