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The Basics
Flat Washers
Spring Rate and Stacking
Understanding Load, Stress, and Fatigue Life
Belleville Spring Specifications
Presetting
A Belleville washer or disc spring is a conical-shaped spring with an open center. It is shaped much like a washer and is typically smaller than a coiled spring. Because Belleville washers can bear a much larger load relative to its deflection rate than a coiled spring, they are ideal for cushioning heavy loads with short motion.
Like all springs, a Belleville disc spring will deflect in response to a load. Belleville washers and disc springs exhibit low deflections relative to high loads. The relationship between the load and deflection is non-linear, particularly as load increases. This quality makes Belleville washers and disc springs well-suited to areas with constant thrust that must stand up to heavy wear.
Belleville washers and disc springs provide the following advantages:
Our engineers can help you determine the washers or springs needed to meet the requirements of your specific application.
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In some instances that must bear a heavy load, the addition of a flat washer increases the effectiveness of a Belleville washer or disc spring by helping to spread the load. In other applications, a flat washer can prevent a Belleville washer or disc spring from biting into softer metals. This is particularly important in preserving the integrity of bus bars, which are typically made from aluminum to withstand conditions of high current loading.
BelleFlex® engineers can help you to determine whether flat washers are needed for your specific application.
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The spring rate of a Belleville washer or disc spring is the amount of force associated with a given deflection measured in lb/in or N/mm. Every spring has its own spring rate, depending on its geometry and material. The formula to determine the load at a specific deflection uses Poisson&#;s ratio, Young&#;s modulus, as well as the outside diameter (De), inside diameter (Di), material thickness (t), and deflection-to-flat (ho).
The load/deflection ratio of a specific outer and inner diameter can be changed by using more than one Belleville washer or disc spring, stacked either in series or in parallel. Stacking Belleville washers and disc springs allows for precise customization of the load and/or deflection.
The exact configuration of Belleville washers or disc springs depends on the requirements and limitations of the application. Our engineers can provide assistance in determining the configuration that best meets your needs.
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It is also important to know the limits of a given Belleville washer or disc spring before it is put into service in an industrial environment. Calculating load and stress is a way to determine the point of failure for a spring, including Belleville washers and disc springs. Simply put, it&#;s a way to determine how much force (load) and how much stretch (stress) the spring can bear before it fails.
Fatigue life refers to the number of cycles a spring can withstand before it fails in a particular application. The fatigue life is based on the dimensions of the spring or spring stack, the preload, the final load, the deflection, and the frequency. The goal of determining the fatigue life is to ensure that your Belleville washer or disc spring solution will be able to withstand the stress to which it will be exposed. In situations in which a single Belleville cannot withstand the level of stress, a well-designed stack of Bellevilles can alter the load and stress performance and increase the fatigue life.
Well-designed springs contribute to increased efficiency and prolonged service life for your equipment. Our engineers are always available to provide assistance with all facets of Belleville washer and disc spring design, including load and stress calculations.
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The term &#;tolerance&#; refers to the amount of deviation from specification that may occur in a disc spring without compromising its performance. For Belleville disc springs, allowable tolerances for diameter, thickness, height, and load are provided in the DIN specification. Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) is an international standards organization, based in Germany that governs specifications of many industrial and technical materials.
BelleFlex® utilizes the following DIN specifications to guide our design and manufacturing process:
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Presetting takes place during the manufacturing process of a Belleville washer or disc spring when it is momentarily flattened. The process reduces the original unloaded height of the spring, as a result of the residual tensile stresses.
Preset Belleville washers and disc springs are typically used to maintain load or tension in bolted assemblies. This process is not always necessary and must be specified at the time the order is placed.
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When connecting two or more objects with threaded fasteners, you may want to use washers. Washers won&#;t hold the objects together. They will, however, distribute the load of the fasteners across a large surface area so that the objects are less likely to sustain damage.
While all washers are used in conjunction with a fastener, they are available in different types. There are plain washers, for instance, and there are beveled washers. Flat washers are the most common. Nonetheless, beveled washers feature a unique design that offers several benefits.
Also known as cupped spring washers, beveled washers are characterized by an uneven, angled design. They aren&#;t flat like their plain counterparts. Plain washers are flat, whereas beveled washers are angled.
You can find beveled washers in different shapes. Some of them are circular, resulting in a similar appearance to plain washers. Circular beveled washers are essentially the same as plain washers except they are angled. Other beveled washers are square-shaped. They are still angled, but they feature a square shape when viewed from a top-down perspective.
Beveled washers are designed to distribute the load of a fastener. All fasteners will apply a load to the objects in which they are installed. When you drive a bolt into an object, for instance, the bolt&#;s head will press against the surface of the object. Over time, this may lead to damage.
The object may crack, warp or otherwise sustain damage around the area of the fastener&#;s head. Beveled washers protect objects from damage by distributing the load of fasteners. Beveled washers increase the surface area of the fastener&#;s load, thus protecting objects from damage.
Some fastening applications may require the use of beveled washers. All beveled washers are angled. An angled design is essentially what distinguishes them from most other types of washers.
Structural beams may require beveled washers. If a structural beam is angled, an angled washer must be used to secure it. Beveled washers are angled. They can be used to secure angled structured beams. For applications involving angled beams, square-shaped bevel washers are used.
Beveled washers are load-distributing hardware components. Like all washers, they work in conjunction with a fastener. Beveled washers, though, don&#;t feature the same design as plain washers. Plain washers are flat. Beveled washers, on the other hand, are angled. They have an angled design that allows them to compensate for a lack of parallelism.
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