18th Century Gardening Tools - Historic Camden County, N.J.

THE USE, VALUE AND THEFT OF 18TH-CENTURY GARDEN TOOLS
When Shovels and Dung Forks Were Among Life's Most Important Possessions

By Sandy Levins ...

CAMDEN, N.J. -- Everybody loves a garden. Whether it's a fragrant herb garden, a lush perennial border or a subtle shade garden, gardens touch the senses like nothing else. But not everybody loves what it takes to make a garden -- hard work and the proper tools. And, of the two, it's the tools

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Photo: Hoag Levins Garden tools were crucial for survival in the agrarian society of our 18th-century ancestors.
that put us in touch with our gardens in the most intimate way, involving all the senses.

Consider the solid "chunk" of a shovel as you drive it into the soil to prepare the bed -- we hear it and we feel it at the same time. Or the rhythmic "snick-snick-snick" of a sharp pair of hedge shears as they release the fragrance of evergreen around us. And one of the classic sounds of autumn is the dry rasp of the rake as we gather leaves in shapes and colors that delight the eye.

Historic tools
But, in addition to putting us in touch with our gardens, tools provide a direct link to our heritage that few of us think about when we reach for our favorite shovel, pruner or rake and head out to prepare a new bed, trim a lilac or gather up clippings.

When you look into the history of some of the most common garden tools we use today -- their images and descriptions in advertisements and old catalogs -- you find not much has changed in hundreds of years. What has changed, though, is the value placed on those implements.

In today's world, we drive to our nearest garden center or home improvement megastore to replace a dinged-up shovel or rusty pruner, or grab a plastic watering can for the backyard. Better yet, maybe those new tools were delivered right to the door, having been ordered from Smith & Hawken or the Kinsman

Photo: Hoag Levins Because of their high value, each family's collection of garden tools was highly prized -- by their owners as well as by thieves. Here, a typical collection of tools at a Williamsburg, Va., garden area.
Company's catalog. The tools of the modern gardener are mass-produced, readily available, relatively inexpensive and, for the most part, disposable after several seasons.

It was not so in colonial America. In that largely agrarian society, what we think of as common garden tools were extremely valuable in planting and cultivating the beds and fields that fed whole families. Peoples' livelihoods directly depended on their garden tools. And the value of those tools also made them a common target for thieves, as illustrated by advertisements in the Pennsylvania Gazette.

Stolen hoes
In , for example, Adam Reed of Lancaster County accompanied his local constable to a spot where they found Mr. Reed's stolen property "hid in the ground." Among the purloined articles unearthed were four grubbing hoes, four shovels and two spades.

In another case, during the Revolutionary War, John Jones of Southwark left personal tools in the care of one Captain Christian Grover "at the time of the approach of the enemy" to Philadelphia. In Mr. Jones advertised for the return of his property, promising that whoever returned his belongings would be "rewarded in proportion to their trouble or expense." Among his prized possessions were two spades, five garden hoes, one grubbing hoe and two dung forks.

Custom made
Garden tools at that time were custom made and hard to come by. They were central items of commerce throughout the Colonies. Local tradesmen crafted most

Photo: Hoag Levins Gardens often meant life for 18th-century families living in a society where food shortages remained a common threat.
of the tools in demand at that time. For example, in the late 18th century, Evan Truman, blacksmith, and Thomas Goucher, a cutler by trade, provided garden tools to the public from their Philadelphia locations at the Sign of the Scythe and Sickle. Goucher advertised his skill in making "all kinds of edge tools and all sorts of hoes," while Truman's wares included ditching shovels, grubbing hoes, weeding hoes, picks and mattocks. And, on a much smaller scale, local cottage industries also provided garden tools, as this listing from Stafford's Philadelphia City Directory attests: "Genter, Charlotte; rake maker; above Brown on St. John's Street."

Spades and sherry
Whatever could not be provided locally was available from Philadelphia's import houses. It was not uncommon for these firms to offer hatchets, weeding hoes and trowels from the same shipment from Europe or the East India trade that brought silk and worsted damasks, womens gloves and ivory combs to the city. For example, one such firm, Thomas, Samuel and Miers Fisher, advertised scythes and sickles, spades, shovels and weeding hoes alongside the more exotic "Buenos Aires Spanish dry hides, superior sherry wine, almonds, and London bottled porter."

Not to be outdone was legendary Philadelphia nurseryman Bernard McMahon -- steward of the Lewis & Clark plant collection, author of The American Gardener's Calendar and sometimes described as Thomas Jefferson's gardening mentor. McMahon's store on Second Street in Philadelphia devoted a corner to the various "spades, shovels,

Photo: Hoag Levins Tools were painstakingly crafted by hand from local materials and carefully maintained. Local blacksmiths routinely made as many tools as they made horseshoes.
rakes, hoes, reels, lines, trowels, edging irons, garden shears, watering pots, pruning, budding and grafting knives so necessary for gardening."

Dawn of civilization
Some of the oldest garden tools in the world date back many thousands of years. The first woody plant intentionally pruned by man is believed to have been the grapevine in Armenia around B.C. A bronze spade closely resembling more modern ones was used by the Chinese as early as B.C. Garden tools even played a role in the myths of ancient gods. A woodcut from the 13th century shows the Greek diety Deucalion, son of Prometheus, working with a mattock (a pickax-like device) while his wife, Pyrra, stands by with a long-handled shovel. Having escaped the efforts of Zeus to destroy all mankind by flood, the two were re-establishing a community on the high ground of sacred Mt. Parnassus in central Greece.

The Romans established the pattern for the spades and shovels we use today when they harnessed the technology of the forge to heat iron to its malleable point. In the mid-14th century, iron smelting made it possible to create lighter, more precisely-shaped tools. Then came the industrial revolution, bringing steel and alloys out of the fire and leading to the manufacture of tools that were lighter, finer and far more durable.

Gardening craze
The tools so necessary and of such value to our ancestors were the same tools we rely upon today to prepare, cultivate, plant and maintain our own gardens. Until the 16th century, those tools were simple, basic and heavy, having evolved from agricultural implements used for hundreds of years. But by the mid-17th century, when popular interest in gardens exploded and gardeners had to be well-equipped, illustrations from that period show, for the first time, a wide range of tools and accessories made for specific purposes in the garden. They include hedge shears, pruning shears, cultivating forks and trowels -- in fact, almost every nonmechanical gardening tool available today.

So the next time you go out to your garden shed, consider what you reach for and stop for just a moment. Every time you pick up your hedge shears or that new Felco pruner you ordered from the Gardener's Supply Company catalog, you're using a tool that has its roots in the 15th or 16th century. Or maybe your favorite shovel was made by Ames -- a company founded in that helped our ancestors dig up a continent from coast to coast.

For a gardener, it's somehow reassuring to understand that those dinged-up, well-worn, trusted tools we've come to consider so commonplace -- that have, through time and long contact with our hands and with nature, earned their places in our garden sheds -- have also earned their places in history.

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Sandy Levins is a trustee and Director of Programming at the Camden County Historical Society

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You may have seen different lists of the most revolutionary inventions in history that have changed human life to a considerable extent. But in my opinion, it was the invention of hand tools that triggered all these changes.

Today, we would like to discuss the history of hand tools. In particular, we will also talk about the history of gardening hand tools.

How have hand tools begun?

Tools are a means of altering raw materials in the production process. Humans' ability to use tools makes them one of the most powerful creatures of all species. Humans can change the world around it through the use of tools.

Making tools, using and upgrading them to create the desired objects is a uniquely human ability. By understanding this ability, humans have been able to achieve everything from the most basic types of life to traveling to other planets and moving at high speeds. Living with upgraded machines and tools is a very valuable accomplishment.

The role of tools in our lives

This diversity and improvement in tools has allowed us to create a wide range of work in the industry that is faster and more efficient than traditional work. Solving surrounding problems and population growth have also influenced the need for better tools. Humans are able to use tools to overcome natural disasters and do not need to relocate as often.

By studying the tools found in human life thousands of years ago, we can see the usefulness of tools, even though they were very primitive. Their diffusion allowed farmers to become industrialists.

The earliest gardening hand tools

In the history of gardening hand tools, these have not changed much since the first gardening hand tools were put into use (say thousands of years ago). Ancient weeding hoes, rakes, shovels, scythes and sickles, to name a few, are tools found all over the world.

It is only by looking at these ancient hand tools and their modern versions that we understand that these tools are essentially similar in shape and may differ in construction materials depending on the resources available at the time.

The rake is said to have originated in China because agriculture and horticulture have a long history in China, when the main work of the country was to cultivate and harvest for subsistence.

Wheelbarrows also originated in China, probably in the 3rd century. Archaeologists have found many paintings from that time that clearly refer to early wooden wheelbarrows. The materials may have been different from modern metal and heavy plastic, but the shape was essentially the same and did not change much throughout the era.

Humans have found samples of various watering pots and jars at the sites of ancient civilizations, showing the existence of watering tools for thousands of years in the past. Their designs may have varied, but they were all designed to bring efficiency and convenience when delivering water to plants, trees and flowers.

Today, a wide variety of gardening scissors and scythes are used for various purposes of pruning or cutting. In fact, this is not exclusive to the modern era. These gardening hand tools have been in use since long ago, and their shapes and uses are the same.

All in all, many tools that were common in ancient times and eras are still popular and useful, even as gardening methods have improved and evolved.

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