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View PDF picture_as_pdfOrganic farming and vegetable production are becoming increasingly popular. Nationally, organic sales have increased 80% since , organic produce has a wholesale value typically twice that of conventional produce, and 75% of organic products are sold within 100 miles of the farm (NASS, ; NASS ). These facts suggest that there is a tremendous market potential for organic vegetables in Georgia, yet organic production remains only a fraction of conventional vegetable production. Because of our humid subtropical climate, organic production in the Southeast is continually challenged by intense disease, insect and weed pressure. University of Georgia Extension Bulletin , Growing Vegetables Organically, is a resource that explains the basic elements of production. The purpose of this guide is to detail the importance of varietal selection for organic growers.
Figure 1. Vegetable and flower variety evaluations at Johnny's Selected Seeds.When considering organic production, growers must be aware of the restrictions on available seed. Seeds that have been developed through direct insertion of new genes are one such restriction. These seeds are referred to as &#;genetically modified organisms&#; or &#;GMO,&#; and &#;genetically engineered organisms&#; or &#;GE,&#; and are not allowed in certified organic production. In addition, seeds that have been treated with non-organic pesticides cannot be used. Organic growers are required to source organically produced seed. As an organic grower, if you are not able to find the necessary cultivar or variety of organic seed after searching three seed companies, you are allowed to use seed that is not organically produced. However, that seed cannot be treated with unapproved substances, such as synthetic fungicides or other man-made materials.
These restrictions apply only to certified organic growers. Certification for organic farms is voluntary through the National Organic Program (NOP) under the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Many growers interested in organic production, but whose farms are not certified organic, will follow NOP guidelines even if they are not legally required to do so. NOP guidelines help to define the legal and philosophical differences between organic and non-organic production practices.
Because organic farming was built on an ecological philosophy, organic production resources and research has historically focused on soil and disease management. However, the varieties of vegetables you choose to grow can also have a tremendous impact on yield, crop losses, market sales, and resource conservation&#;thus, the sustainability of your farm.
There are several different types of vegetable varieties available with different performance characteristics and features. Most vegetables grown in Georgia are propagated by seed rather than vegetatively propagated. With seed- propagated varieties, the method of development is critical in determining these performance characteristics. There are two broad categories of seed varieties, open-pollinated and F1 hybrids.
Open-pollinated varieties are developed by diverse methods with the goal of producing an improved variety with important characteristics that will be true- to-type from one generation to the next. This means a grower can save seed of open-pollinated varieties and the next generation will perform largely the same as the current generation. There is a subclass of open-pollinated varieties that have become important for organic growers called heirloom varieties. An heirloom variety was originally understood to be a variety that was passed down in a family. These varieties had some benefit&#;they were regionally adapted, with specific characteristics or cultural significance&#;that made them worth saving, but they were not part of any formal breeding program. There are also older open-pollinated varieties that were developed through formal breeding programs. These breeding programs were often implemented through land- grant universities such as the University of Georgia. Some of these older open- pollinated varieties, such as &#;Rutgers&#; tomato, are also referred to as heirlooms. These popular open-pollinated varieties are available from many sources and may have unique characteristics of flavor, color, or texture, often with an interesting historical background. It should be noted that these varieties often have poor disease-resistance characteristics compared to modern cultivars. Much of the emphasis of plant breeding has focused on developing varieties with improved disease resistance.
F1 hybrid varieties are produced through a multistep process. The first step is to develop inbred lines, which are populations that are developed with extreme uniformity between the individuals. Two inbred lines are then crossed and the resulting seed are sold to growers as F1 hybrid seed. The &#;F1&#; refers to the first filial generation. Saving seed from a F1 hybrid variety will not breed true-to-type, meaning that these seeds will not grow into plants that are identical to the F1 hybrids. This next generation (F2 seed) segregates into individuals with many different traits. The downside to this is that saved seed will not perform as well as the original F1 hybrid seed.
Although farmers cannot save the seed from F1 plants and expect it to be true-to-type, F1 seed does have advantages. Generally, F1 seed will perform very well because it exhibits hybrid vigor (that is, it will perform better than the parents that contributed to the F1 population) with good yields and uniform performance from one individual to the next. F1 seed is generally more expensive than open-pollinated seed, but the increased vigor can make it worthwhile. In addition, buying new seed every year ensures that you have high-quality seed with excellent germination.
All seed that is sold must be labeled according to federal law. At a minimum, the label should have the vegetable name, variety name, whether it has been treated (with fungicide, for example), lot number, germination percent, date of germination test, percent hard seed, net weight, and the company name and address. In addition, there are minimum germination standards for vegetable seed (Table 1). Most reputable companies will sell seed with germination rates well above these minimums.
Varieties with the designation &#;PVP,&#; which stands for &#;plant variety protection,&#; are seed-propagated plants that have patent protection. This means that the developer of the variety has intellectual property protection on this variety, and it is illegal to save seed for distribution without the owner&#;s consent. Generally, PVP is obtained for open-pollinated varieties that breed true-to-type.
Another important consideration in variety selection is the seed source. Table 2 lists several companies that sell organic seed, many of which also sell non-organic seed. If you are a certified organic grower and cannot source organic seed of the variety you are interested in, you may use non-organic seed; however, it cannot be treated with prohibited substances (like non-organic fungicides) and you must provide evidence of your due diligence in attempting to source organic seed.
Seed saving can save money and can both be an enjoyable addition to vegetable production and help to conserve rare seed sources. Older varieties and local varieties may be limited in availability, so by saving the seed, you become part of the important effort in seed conservation.
Knowing the difference between open-pollinated and F1 hybrid seed can help a grower decide whether to save their own seed. There are several caveats to seed saving. Even when dealing with open-pollinated varieties, changes can occur over time, resulting in poor performance in subsequent generations. In order to maintain the traits and quality of the original variety, seed from a minimum number of plants should be saved. For crops that are primarily self-pollinated (e.g., tomatoes or beans), seed should be collected from a minimum of 20 plants. For plants that are primarily cross pollinated (e.g., corn or watermelon), seed should be saved from at least 80 plants. In addition, the individual plants chosen for seed saving will also have an impact on future generations. For example, if you save seed only from the last harvested plants in your garden, you may be selecting for late maturity, which can be an undesirable trait. Disease occurrence and pressure often increases as the growing season progresses. When selecting plants from which to save seed, always choose healthy plants that are free of disease.
If you plan on saving your own seed, you may wish to consult a resource on seed saving. Such sources give specific instructions for each vegetable on how to produce, collect, and store seed. Table 3 lists several sources that may be helpful for those considering seed saving.
Each plant has a specific stage of growth at which mature seeds should be harvested. This timing may or may not coincide with when the vegetable is harvested for consumption. In many cases, vegetables are harvested before seed are produced (e.g., lettuce, carrots, or onions). When saving seeds from biennial plants like carrots and onions, remember that they will not produce seed until the second year of growth. Bell pepper fruits are usually harvested for consumption when the fruit is green and seeds are present but the seed has not completely matured. For some plants, like cantaloupe and tomatoes, the seeds are fully ripe when the fruit is ready to eat.
In general, mature seed will either be in a fleshy fruit such as tomatoes, watermelons, or eggplant or they will be in a dry pod or flowers. Each of these needs to be handled differently. Fleshy fruit can be crushed and placed into a bucket and allowed to &#;ferment&#; for several days. The viable, or &#;good,&#; seed will settle to the bottom, and the pulp and empty seed will float to the top. This good seed can then be collected by continually pouring off the pulp and empty seed with water until only good seed are at the bottom of the bucket and the remaining water is largely clear. When collecting seed from dry seedpods or flowers, you may have to bag the flowers and pods before the seed is completely mature. Once such seed is mature, the pods often &#;shatter,&#; dispersing the seed onto the surrounding ground or launching them into the air. Once a seedpod shatters, there will be little seed left to collect, but by enclosing the seed head in a paper bag or other lightweight material, you can contain the spread and more easily collect the seed. For more information on handling seed for specific vegetables, refer to one or more of the sources listed in Table 3 for complete instructions.
Seed storage is an important consideration in saving seed. Table 1 lists the number of years seed can be stored under appropriate conditions and still maintain high germination rates. Ideally, seed should be stored under cold, dry conditions. As a rule of thumb, the sum of the storage temperature and relative humidity should be less than or equal to 100. So for example, if the storage temperature is 45°F then the relative humidity should be at or below 55%. Seed should be clean and completely dry before storage. Store seed in sealed containers such as Mason jars or foil packets. Using silica gel or similar material will help maintain low relative humidity in the container.
Some seed can be stored frozen. For example, large-seeded crops such as beans and peas can be stored in a freezer. Freezing will help prevent insect damage because pests are not active at such low temperatures.
Table 4 lists recommended varieties for organic growers in Georgia. This list is not meant to be exhaustive, nor should it be construed as a list of varieties that should exclude others that may perform just as well. There are thousands of different varieties available for many vegetable crops. It is impossible to know how all of these varieties will perform. It is recommended that if you are adopting a new variety to grow, you should try it on a limited basis until you are confident that it will perform well under your conditions. As mentioned previously, older varieties may have poor disease resistance, but using grafted plants may overcome this lack of resistance. Grafting onto disease-resistant rootstocks can overcome some soilborne disease problems, but does not impact foliar disease resistance.
Varieties that do well in northern or western states may not do well in the Southeast. It is a good idea to investigate characteristics, such as disease resistance, reduced susceptibility to bolting, heat tolerance, and day-length requirements, when selecting varieties appropriate for southeastern states.
Seed germination is an important quality parameter when selecting or saving seed. Table 5 lists the temperature range for germinating several different vegetables. Generally, the warmer the temperature the more quickly seed will germinate. Seeds are often started indoors prior to transplanting to the field. For warm-season crops such as tomatoes, seeds are started indoors in late winter or early spring when outdoor temperatures are cooler. Starting seed in a warm environment will ensure rapid emergence. Applying bottom heat through the use of heating mats when starting seeds can improve germination. When sowing directly in the field, consult Table 5 for the optimum soil temperatures for germination.
Through weather stations across the state, the University of Georgia Weather Network collects local soil and atmospheric information including soil temperatures that can be useful for sowing seed. On the Weather Network website, select a weather station near your location for the most useful information. Not only are soil and air temperatures collected, but historical weather data are also available. This allows you to see information such as frost dates, amount of rainfall, and soil and air temperatures over many years.
Figure 3. Seed germination testing in progress.Because of the mild winters in Georgia, many vegetable seeds are sown in late summer or early fall for fall and winter production. In fact, half of the revenue from fresh vegetables grown in Georgia is from winter vegetables. Temperatures can be very high during these times of the year, and many cool season vegetables may have trouble germinating and growing under these conditions. Shade may be needed for some seedlings, particularly during the hottest part of the day. Consult Table 5 for optimum germination temperatures. For vegetables where the high temperature is in the yellow or red zone, shade can be helpful for both seed germination and successfully growing these vegetable plants.
Table 1 lists the number of weeks it takes to produce a seedling for particular vegetables. Vegetables without a listing are usually sown directly in the field. The week before the anticipated date of transplanting, seedlings should be hardened off. This process involves lowering the temperature and/or reducing the amount of water available to the seedling. The easiest way to achieve this is by moving the transplants outside for the final week and allowing them to acclimate to outdoor conditions. Of course, if frost or freezing temperatures are anticipated during this time, they should be moved indoors for that period.
Your county Extension agent can help you with selecting appropriate varieties for your situation. The University of Georgia conducts routine variety trials every year and maintains lists of suitable varieties.
Table 1. Minimum required germination, days to germination, weeks for transplant production, and years for seed storage. Crop Minimum Germination (%) Germination (Days) Time to Produce Transplants (Weeks) Seed Storage (Years) Bean, Fava 75 7-14 - 3 Bean, Garden 70 7-14 - 3 Bean, Lima 70 7-14 - 3 Beet 65 5-20 - 4 Broccoli 75 5-20 5-7 3-5 Brussels Sprouts 70 5-20 5-7 3-5 Cabbage 75 5-20 5-7 3-5 Cantaloupe 75 4-10 4-5 5 Carrot 55 7-14 - 3 Cauliflower 75 5-20 5-7 3-5 Celery 55 7-21 5-7 5 Collards 80 5-20 5-7 3-5 Cucumber 80 4-10 2-3 5 Eggplant 60 7-14 5-7 4-5 Garden Pea 80 7-14 - 3 Kale 75 5-20 5-7 5 Kohlrabi 75 5-20 5-7 3-5 Leek 60 4-14 - 3 Lettuce 80 4-14 4 5 Mustard 75 5-20 5-7 5 Okra 50 7-21 - 2 Onion 70 4-14 10-14 2 Parsnip 60 14-20 - 1 Pepper 55 7-14 - 3 Pumpkin 75 4-10 2-3 5 Radish 75 5-20 - 3-5 Southern pea 75 7-14 - 3 Spinach 60 7-14 - 5 Squash 75 4-10 2-3 4-5 Sweet Corn 75 5-14 - 2 Swiss Chard 65 7-14 - 4 Tomato 75 7-14 5-7 4-5 Turnip 80 5-20 5-7 3-5 Watermelon 70 4-10 2-3 5 Note. Minimum germination is federally mandated minimum germination for seed sales, days to germination is under optimum temperature conditions, years of storage is under ideal conditions (dry/cold storage).Table 2. A selection of companies offering organic seed. Company Address Number Website
Albert Lea Seed House
PO Box 127
Albert Lee, MN
(800) 352-
www.alseed.com
Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds
Baker Creek Rd.
Amnsfield, MO
(417) 924-
www.rareseeds.com
Blue River Hybrids
Timber Rd
Kelley, IA
(800) 370-
www.blueriverorgseed.com
DLF Organic
PO Box 229
Halsey, OR
(541) 369-
www.dlforganic.com
Environmental Seed Producers
PO Box
W. Olive Ave
Lompoc, CA
(805) 735-
www.espseeds.com
Fedco Seeds
PO Box 520
Waterville, ME
(207) 873-
www.fedcoseeds.com
Filaree Farm
182 Conconully Hwy
Okanogan, WA
(509) 422-
www.filareefarm.com
Gourmet Garlic Gardens
FM
Bangs, Texas
(325) 348-
www.gourmetgarlicgardens.com
Great Harvest Organics
E. 276th St
Atlanta, IN
(371) 984-
www.greatharvestorganics.com
Harris Seeds
355 Paul Road
P.O. Box
Rochester, NY
(800) 544-
www.harrisseeds.com
High Mowing Organic Seeds
76 Quarry Rd
Wolcott, VT
(802) 472-
www.highmowingseeds.com
Johnny&#;s Selected Seeds
955 Benton Ave
Winslow, ME
(207) 861-
www.johnnyseeds.com
Organic Bean & Grain, Inc
W. Akron Rd
Caro, MI
(989) 673-
www.orbng.com
Rose-AgriSeed
S. Barlow Rd
Canby, OR
(503) 651-
www.roseagriseed.com
Seed Savers Exchange
N. Winn Rd
Decorah, IA
(563) 382-
www.seedsavers.com
Seeds of Change
PO Box
Sante Fe, NM
(888) 762-
www.seedsofchange.com
SeedWay
99 Industrial Rd
Elizabethtown, PA
(800) 952-
www.seedway.com
Snow Seed Organics
Rosehart Way
Salinas, CA
(831) 758-
www.snowseedco.com
Southern Exposure Seed
PO Box 460
Mineral, VA
(540) 894-
www.southernexposure.com
Sow True Seed
146 Church St.
Asheville, NC
(828) 254-
www.sowtrueseed.com
Welter Seed and Honey Co
Hwy 136
Onslow, IA
(800) 470-
For more information, please visit china fruit seeds manufacturer.
www.welterseed.com
Note. This selection of resources is not meant to exclude others offering similar products.
Table 3. Seed-saving resources.
Title
Author(s)
Copyright
Publisher
Seed to Seed, Seed Saving and Growing Techniques for Vegetable Gardeners (2nd Edition)
Suzanne Ashworth
Seed Savers Exchange, Inc.
The Complete Guide to Saving Seeds: 322 Vegetables, Herbs, Fruits, Flowers, Trees, and Shrubs
Robert Gough & Cheryl Moore-Gough
Storey Publishing
Seed Saving, A Beginner&#;s Guide to Heirloom Gardening
Caleb Warnock
Hobble Creek Press
Heirloom Seed Saving Handbook
Danny Gansneder
Duel City Books
The Seed Garden: The Art and Practice of Seed Saving
Lee Buttala & Shanyn Siegel (Eds.)
Seed Savers Exchange, Inc.
Seed Sowing and Saving
Carole B. Turner
Storey Communications, Inc.
Saving Our Seeds Project Guides:
http://www.carolinafarmstewards.org/seed- production-guides
Carolina Farm Stewardship Association
A Seed Saving Guide for Gardeners and Farmers:
http://seedalliance.org/publications/seed-saving- guidle-gardeners-farmers
Organic Seed Alliance
Note. This selection of resources is not meant to exclude others offering similar products.
Table 4. Selection of varieties suitable for organic production in Georgia. Variety F1 Hybrids Open-Pollinated Heirloom
Bean, Fava
&#;Masterpiece&#; &#;Sweet Lorane&#;
&#;Horse Bean&#; &#;Windsor&#; &#;Broad Windsor&#; &#;Agua Dulce&#;
Bean, Garden
&#;Blue Lake 274&#; (Bush) &#;Bronco&#; (Bush)
&#;Contender&#; (Bush)
&#;Roma II&#; (Flat pod, bush) &#;Kentucky Wonder 191&#; (Pole)
Bean, Lima
&#;Henderson Bush&#; (Small seed) &#;Fordhook 242&#; (Large seed)
Beet
&#;Red Ace&#; &#;Ruby Queen&#;
&#;Chioggia&#; (Red & white rings)
&#;Bull&#;s Blood&#; &#;Detroit Dark Red&#;
Broccoli
&#;Emerald Crown&#; &#;Bay Meadow&#; &#;Packman&#;
&#;Romanesco Italia&#; &#;Waltham 29&#;
Cabbage
&#;Cheers&#;
&#;Red Dynasty&#; &#;Bravo&#;
&#;Early Flat Dutch&#;
Cantaloupe
&#;Athena&#; &#;Aphrodite&#;
&#;Hale&#;s Best Jumbo&#;
Carrot
&#;Apache&#; (Imperator type)
&#;Maverick&#; (Danvers type)
&#;Purple Haze&#; (Purple, Imperator type) &#;Sugarsnax 54&#;
&#;Bolero&#;
&#;Napoli&#;
&#;Danvers 126&#;
&#;Red Cored Chantenay&#;
Cauliflower
&#;Minuteman&#; &#;Clever&#; &#;Snowball&#; &#;Graffiti&#; (Purple) &#;Cheddar&#; (Orange)
&#;Early Snowball&#;
Collards
&#;Blue Max&#; (Hi Crop) &#;Top Bunching&#;
&#;Vates&#; &#;Bulldog&#; &#;Champion&#;
&#;Georgia Southern&#;
Cucumber
&#;Jackson Supreme&#; (Pickling) &#;Dasher II&#; (Slicing)
&#;Poinsett 76&#; (Slicing) &#;Marketmore&#; (Slicing) &#;National Pickling&#;
&#;Boothby&#;s Blode&#; &#;A & C Pickling&#;
Eggplant
&#;Orient Express&#;
&#;Black Beauty&#; &#;Clara&#; (White)
&#;Rosita&#;
Garden pea
&#;Wando Dwarf&#; &#;Sugar Ann&#;
Garlic
&#;California Early&#; &#;Elephant Garlic&#; &#;German White&#;
Kale
&#;Winterbor&#; &#;Redbor (Purple)&#; &#;Darkibor&#;
&#;Toscano&#; &#;Siberian&#;
Kohlrabi
&#;Quickstar&#;
&#;Azur Star (Purple)&#; &#;Winner&#;
&#;Early Purple Vienna&#;
Leek
&#;King Richard&#;
Lettuce
&#;Buttercrunch&#;
&#;Winter Density&#;
&#;New Red Fire&#;
&#;Salad Bowl&#;
&#;Green Towers&#; (Cos/Romaine) &#;Esmeralda&#;
&#;Grand Rapids&#;
Mustard
&#;Savannah&#; &#;Green Wave&#; &#;Scarlet Frills&#; &#;Red Giant&#;
Potatoes &#;Yukon Gold&#; &#;Kennebec&#; &#;Adrondock Blue&#; &#;Russet Burbank&#; &#;Red Pontiac&#; Pumpkin &#;Magic Lantern&#; &#;Aladdin&#;&#;Pinkeye Purple Hull&#; &#;Texas Cream 12&#; &#;Queen Anne&#; &#;Colossus&#;
&#;Knuckle Purple Hull&#; &#;California Blackeye #5&#; &#;Zipper Cream&#;
Spinach &#;Space&#; &#;Unipak&#; &#;Emperor&#; &#;Bloomsdale&#; Squash &#;Gentry&#; &#;Gold Star&#; &#;Enterprise&#; &#;Scallopini&#; Sweet Corn &#;Silver Queen&#; (White, Su) &#;Obsession&#; (Bicolor, Sh2)&#;Golden Bantam&#;
(Yellow, Su)
&#;Country Gentleman&#;
(White, Su)
Sweet Potato &#;Beauregard&#; &#;Covington&#; &#;Evangeline&#; &#;Burgundy&#; &#;Bellevue&#;Swiss Chard
&#;Bright Lights&#; &#;Bright Yellow&#; &#;Oriole&#; &#;Fordhook Giant&#;
Tomato
&#;BHN 602&#;
&#;Red Bounty&#;
&#;Celebrity&#;
&#;Amelia&#;
&#;Plum Regal&#; (Roma)
&#;Trust&#; (Indeterminant, greenhouse)
&#;Arkansas Traveler&#; &#;German Johnson&#; &#;Ozark Pink&#; &#;Rutgers&#;
Turnip
&#;Purple Top White Globe&#; &#;Shogoin&#;
&#;Tokyo Cross&#;
&#;Hakurei&#;
Watermelon
&#;Fascination&#; (Triploid) &#; HQ&#; (Triploid) &#;Troubadour&#;
&#;Top Gun&#;
&#;Sangria&#; &#;790&#; &#;Yellow Doll&#;
&#;AU-Producer&#; &#;Sugar Baby&#; &#;Allsweet&#; &#;Crimson Sweet&#;
&#;Moon and Stars&#; &#;Georgia Rattlesnake&#; &#;Cream of Saskatchewan&#;
Zucchini
&#;Spineless Beauty&#; &#;Respect&#; &#;Payload&#;
&#;Black Beauty&#;
&#;Cocozelle Italian&#;
Note. The listed varieties are suggested varieties for organic production. This list should not be considered to exclude other varieties that may be suitable for production.
Table 5. Temperature ranges for vegetable seed germination. Temperature (°F) Crop 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 105 Bean, Fava Poor Sub Sub Sub Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Bean, Garden Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Bean, Lima Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Beet Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Broccoli Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Brussels sprouts Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Cabbage Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Cantaloupe Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Carrot Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Cauliflower Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Celery Poor Poor Sub Sub Opt Opt Poor Poor Poor Collards Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Cucumber Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Eggplant Poor Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Poor Poor Garden pea Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Poor Kale Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Kohlrabi Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Leek Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Poor Lettuce Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Poor Mustard Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Okra Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Onion Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Poor Parsnip Sub Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Poor Pepper Poor Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Poor Poor Pumpkin Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Radish Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Poor Southernpea Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Poor Spinach Sub Opt Opt Opt Opt Sub Opt Opt Opt Sweet Corn Poor Poor Sub Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Swiss Chard Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Opt Opt Tomato Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Poor Turnip Poor Sub Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Poor Watermelon Poor Poor Poor Sub Opt Opt Opt Sub Sub Note. Poor = No or poor germination; Sub = Suboptimal germination; Opt = Optimal temperature for germination
View a full-color, easily printable version of Table 5.
Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA). (). https://aosca.org/
Cornell University. (n.d.). Disease resistant vegetable varieties. https://www.vegetables.cornell.edu/pest-management/disease-factsheets/disease-resistant-vegetable-varieties/
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). (). organic survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Organic_Production/
National Agricultural Statistics Service. (). NASS Highlights (Report No. -8). U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Organic variety trial reports. (). eOrganic. https://varietytrials.eorganic.info/
Status and Revision History
Published on Nov 06,
Published with Full Review on Apr 05,
Published with Full Review on Jun 07,
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