While electrical and pneumatic actuators have several unique benefits and are preferred in different applications, using the wrong one for your application can have serious consequences. However, choosing between them can be quite confusing. This article explores the working principles and differences between pneumatic and electric actuators, before comparatively analyzing their features to help you choose the right one for your application.
Link to Xingyu
Valve actuators are automation devices that are used to remotely control valves without human intervention. These devices generate motion to control valves based on signals received. Actuators are mounted on the valves to be controlled, replacing manual levers. The mounting features that connect a valve to an actuator vary in different actuator models.
Valve actuators are broadly classified based on how they generate the torque - or force - required to open a valve. Based on this classification, the two most prevalent types of actuators are electric and pneumatic actuators. Electric valve actuators utilize electricity to produce the required motion, while their pneumatic counterparts utilize compressed air systems. The third type of valve actuator, known as hydraulic actuators exist, but these are less prevalent.
Electric actuators convert electrical energy into the force that opens or closes the valve. These devices may run on AC or DC power. Electric valve actuators may feature an electric motor that produces the rotary motion that turns the valve. This type of actuator is used for quarter-turn valves, which require a 90° turn to open or close, and are known as quarter turn actuators. Examples of quarter-turn actuators are ball and butterfly valve actuators.
Another widely used type of electric actuator in piping and fluid control systems is the solenoid actuator. These devices are typically available integrated with the valves, forming a single unit.
Pneumatic actuator utilizes pneumatics - controlled compressed air systems - to produce the force required to operate a valve. These actuators may feature a piston, or diaphragm, that is controlled via compressed air. The more ubiquitous piston-featuring variety contains a piston housed in a chamber. Pneumatic actuators may be single-acting or double-acting. Single-acting actuators, more commonly known as spring return actuators, feature a loaded spring on one side of the piston that keeps the valve in its natural position. To open or close the valve, pressurized air is supplied on the other side of the piston, and the air pressure overcomes the force of the spring.
On the other hand, in double-acting actuators, the air is supplied to both sides of the piston. The difference in pressure between the two sides keeps the valve in the desired position. Pneumatic actuators typically produce linear motion. However, in actuators such as butterfly valve actuators (which are required to generate rotary motion), motion conversion mechanisms - such as rack and pinion, and scotch yoke mechanisms - are used.
Both electric and pneumatic valve actuators have specific advantages in different applications. To choose the right one for your application, certain factors and characteristics of these actuators have to be analyzed. Some of these factors and characteristics are explored below.
1. Precision
Precision is considered for valves that need to operate in partially open or closed positions to allow an exact amount of media to flow through. Both electric and pneumatic actuators provide precise control. However, when relying on pneumatic actuation, the inclusion of an electro-pneumatic positioner may be required as an accessory on a pneumatically operated device such as a control valve to achieve the high precision control necessary in applications such as chemical production.
2. Force range
Pneumatic actuators provide a significantly higher force/torque per unit side than their electric counterparts. For applications that involve a large valve or a valve with high operating pressure, pneumatic actuators are the better option.
3. Speed
Speed of actuation is a crucial consideration in specific applications such as flood control. Like with precision, both electric and pneumatic actuators can be fast. However, a pneumatic actuator reacts faster and has high duty cycles. Furthermore, the operating speeds of pneumatic actuators are adjustable.
4. Lifespan
Pneumatic actuators have fewer components. Therefore, they are easier to maintain and have a longer lifespan than electrical actuators, which have several parts that may require regular maintenance. However, while the actuator unit may not require maintenance, other components such as the air compressor and the FRL (Filter, Regulator, and lubricator) may require more frequent maintenance
5. Cost
The design of pneumatic valve actuators is more straightforward than that of their electric counterparts, and so these actuators cost less than electric counterparts. However, when the cost of the accompanying pneumatic system is considered, the overall cost of a pneumatic actuation system increases. This cost can be significantly reduced by setting up numerous actuators with the same pressurized air supply system.
6. Fail safe
In applications where a failure in the actuator can have severe consequences, the actuator needs to have a fail-safe mechanism. A fail-safe is easier and cheaper to install in pneumatic actuators. Spring return pneumatic valve actuators feature a natural fail-safe mechanism, as the force of the spring will automatically return the valve to its natural position in the case of a failure.
7. Hazardous conditions
Electric actuators often feature delicate components that may not function correctly in hazardous conditions. Furthermore, these actuators require numerous certifications in order to be deemed suitable in certain environments. Electric actuators need a high level of protection against high temperatures and pressures, dust, and moisture. On the other hand, pneumatic actuators are quite rugged and can withstand higher pressures and temperatures than their electric counterparts.
Both pneumatic and electric actuators are efficient and highly functional automation devices that are employed across various industries. However, they each possess unique characteristics that make them preferable in different applications. To select the best one for your application, carefully consider the above-listed factors.
Need guidance in determining the appropriate valve actuator for a specific application?
For more Electro Pneumatic Valveinformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.
The experts at ValveMan have the knowledge and experience to help. Shop ValveMan.com today!
Related Products
[[, , 116]]
In the pneumatic world, valves are the equivalent of relays controlling the flow of electricity in automation systems. Instead of distributing electric power to motors, drives, and other devices, pneumatic valves distribute air to cylinders, actuators, and nozzles.
Pneumatic valves, also called directional control valves, are activated in a variety of ways including manual, solenoid-operated, and air-piloted (Figure 1). In their simplest form, 2-way and 3-way valves can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC) &#; terms that refer to their normal states without power applied. Another very common valve is a 4-way valve, which switches supply and exhaust between two outlet ports.
Manually activated valves are typically switched open and closed by a foot pedal, toggle actuator, handle, knob, or pushbutton. An operator controls the activated position of the valve and a spring, or the operator returns the valve to its home position.
Solenoid-operated valves use an electrical coil to control the position of a poppet, plunger, or spool to open or close a valve. Typical solenoid control voltages are 12 VDC, 24 VAC/DC, 120 VAC, or 240 VAC.
Air-piloted valves are operated by an external air source such as a solenoid-operated valve in a remote location. The valve can also be internally air-piloted, enabling use of a smaller integrated electric solenoid to provide an air pilot signal to control the larger valve spool.
With pneumatic valves, the configuration or valve type indicates how air is connected to the device and switched through the valve. This configuration has a strong influence on the device the valve is controlling and understanding this is critical for specifying the proper valve for the application.
Valve configuration symbols must be interpreted. The pneumatic symbol for a valve has three parts: actuation (how the valve is actuated), position (the number of positions and ports), and flow (how the air flows through the device). The actuation methods are on the left and right of the symbol and can be thought of as pushing the boxes left or right. The number of boxes indicates the number of positions &#; typically two or three. Flow of supply air or exhaust for each position is defined by the information in each box.
Figure 2. A: 2-way, 2-position, normally closed, direct-acting solenoid valve with spring return. B: 3-way, 2-position, normally closed, direct-acting solenoid valve with spring return. C: 4-way, 2-position, detented rotary manual valve. D: 4-way (5-port), 2-position, piloted solenoid valve with spring return. E: 4-way (5-port), 3-position closed center, double-piloted solenoid with spring centering. F: 2-way media-separated valve. G: 3-way stackable poppet style valve. H: Body-ported 3-port (3-way) spool valve. I: Body-ported 5-port (4-way).Each valve position has one or more flow paths and the arrows in each box represent flow of air and exhaust. The point where each path touches a box is called a port. To determine the number of ports, one must count a single box of the symbol. The flow path can also be blocked, indicated by a &#;T&#; symbol.
The number of ports and positions defines the type of work a valve is designed for, so selecting these options is a critical design decision. A 2-port or 2-way, 2-position valve has one inlet port and one outlet port. This type of valve is on or off, with no way to vent air pressure unless that is its only function.
The number of different pathways for air to travel in or out of the valve are referred to as &#;ways&#; while the different available states are called &#;positions.&#; Valves commonly used in industrial applications are either 2-, 3-, or 4-way configuration; 2- and 3-way valves have 2 positions while 4-way valves can be either 2- or 3-position.
Common pneumatic valve types are:
2-port (2-way), 2-position
3-port (3-way), 2-position
5-port (4-way), 2-position
5-port (4-way), 3-position
By adding a third port, the 3-port or 3-way, 2-position valve can both supply and exhaust pressure. The three ports are air in, air out, and exhaust. While exhausting pressure is important for cylinder movement, this type of valve only works well in applications such as single-acting cylinders with a spring return or in air blowoff applications such as blowing chips in a machining process.
Adding two more ports turns the valve into a 5-port (4-way), 2-position valve. A 5-port valve is technically a 4-way valve since there are two ports open to exhaust. This is mainly done to simplify valve construction. This is the most popular directional control valve because it can extend and retract double-acting cylinders, providing a wide range of control capabilities. This type of valve includes an inlet port, two outlet ports, and two exhaust ports. In a 2-position configuration, one output is flowing air from the inlet and the other is flowing air to an exhaust port. When the valve is switched, the two outputs are in opposite modes. This is the most common way to extend and retract a double-acting pneumatic actuator, pressurizing one side of the cylinder while exhausting the other.
Keep in mind that 2-position, single solenoid valves have a spring return. So, with an energized valve, if the double-acting cylinder it is connected to is extending, that cylinder will retract if electrical power is lost (such as when an emergency stop is pressed) but air remains on. If the emergency stop also dumps air pressure in the system as recommended, the cylinder will retract once pressure is restored unless the valve is re-energized.
If a 2-position, double solenoid valve has a detent feature, the valve spool is held at whichever position it was at the moment the emergency stop was activated. If the cylinder was at mid-stroke when the emergency stop was pressed, when air is reapplied, the valve will command the cylinder to continue motion to the original energized position, even with both solenoids on the valve de-energized. This motion, due to the maintained valve position, can cause issues; for example, unintended cylinder motion after an emergency stop can damage tooling and should be examined during design.
The 5-port or 4-way, 3-postion valve offers a center position that can be specified to either exhaust or block pressure when neither valve solenoid is actuated. These valves are typically used in applications where it is a requirement to stop a cylinder in mid-stroke. They are also used to inch or jog a cylinder or when air must exhaust during an emergency stop and no cylinder movement is allowed after air is reapplied until a reset button or start button is pressed.
Caution is required when using these valves as there is additional control complexity. Center-block 3-position valves can trap air and cause unexpected movement under emergency stop conditions, especially if tooling is jammed. To deal with this condition, all energy &#; including trapped air &#; should be removed when an emergency stop is pressed. Air can also leak out, causing the cylinder to drift or drop.
A 3-position center exhaust valve will dump all pressure to a cylinder under emergency stop conditions or when both solenoids are de-energized. During startup, there will be no air to control airflow to the cylinder, causing very fast and possibly damaging cylinder speeds during the first machine cycle. To prevent this condition, both sides of the cylinder must be charged with air pressure at startup.
The form factor of the valve is often driven by its use. This includes both internal configuration and external design. Common internal configurations include poppet, diaphragm, and spool. Poppet valves are usually direct solenoid-operated, similar to a gate valve in a 2-way, 2-position application. A pilot piston, accessed from a pilot port, moves the valve stem, opening the valve. Diaphragm valves work similar to a poppet valve but physically isolate the operator solenoid from the valve and the working fluid by use of the diaphragm. Spool valves, either direct or pilot-actuated, are often used on 4-way, 2- and 3-position body-ported valves. These spool valves are pistons with seals that when shifted move along a bore, opening or closing ports, depending on the position. They provide a simplified way to change flow paths, are easy to actuate, and are not affected by pressure.
The external form factor of many valves makes them stackable, allowing more valves to fit into a smaller area. Some valves are easier than others to mount individually and some can be specified to mount either individually or as part of a manifold. Designers may wish to consider compact, modular, manifold-mounted valves in applications with high pneumatic valve counts.
Valves have three primary electrical connection methods: hard wired, modular wired, or digital communication. Many valves have a connector built in with removable flying leads or a DIN-style wiring connector.
Modular wiring is typically used with manifold-mounted valve configurations. This wiring usually consists of a D-sub connector embedded in the manifold base. This provides an efficient and clean integration option for large pneumatic systems.
Ethernet/IP and other digital communication protocols are becoming a popular way to replace individual discrete wires with a single cable. This is particularly effective when a large number of valves in a small space require activation. This can also reduce cost on the controller side of the system by using a single communication port instead of multiple output modules.
A variety of threaded ports or push-to-connect fittings are also available to attach pneumatic tubing to the valves. A 5-port (4-way), 2-position valve type is often the best choice for a pneumatic directional control application. Adding a manual operator feature and an indicator light on the electrical connection make maintenance easier, so these options should be considered.
Figure 3. 4-way valve often used to control a double-acting cylinder.Figure 2F is a 2-way, media-separated, diaphragm-style valve for use with gases or fluids where the metal working components of the valves do not come into contact with the working fluid. The valve symbol is the same whether it is a poppet, diaphragm, or spool valve.
The 3-way, stackable, poppet-style directional control solenoid valve (Figure 2G) provides 2-position, normally closed, spring return operation. The design allows this valve to be standalone or stacked with multiple valves sharing a common air supply. The valve symbol is the same whether it is a poppet, diaphragm, or spool valve.
The body-ported 3-part (3-way) spool valve (Figure 2H) is non-ported, meaning the solenoid moves the spool. The single solenoid valve provides 2-position, normally closed, spring return operation and the double solenoid models provide 2-position, energize open/energize closed operation.
The body-ported 5-port (4-way) spool valve (Figure 2I) has single-solenoid, spring return, or double-solenoid, 2-position operation. In addition, double solenoid valves have 3-position center closed or center exhaust operation. They can be used in individual valve applications or multiple valves can be field assembled on manifolds, simplifying piping connections.
Compact modular valves provide a flexible solution and allow mixing of valve sizes as needed with 3-way/2-position (2 spool valves), 5-way/2-position, and 5-way/3-position valves available. Single solenoid spring return or dual solenoids per valve and up to 16 valves (16 solenoids max) per manifold assembly is possible.
This article was contributed by AutomationDirect, Cumming, GA. For more information, visit here .
Want more information on Valve Accessories? Feel free to contact us.