Hydraulic Hose Fittings: The Ultimate Guide

Hydraulic fittings can be found in almost every industry, but not all hydraulic hose fittings can do the same job. Given the extent of their usage, it&#;s important to choose the right kind of hydraulic fitting to suit your application, hose size and assembly.

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Whether you are a professional in the industry or just learning the ropes, you need to be able to identify the right hydraulic fitting for the job. We&#;re here to make it easy for our readers with a complete guide to types of hydraulic hose fittings, their applications and how to use them. Keep reading to learn everything you need to know.

What Are Hydraulic Fittings?

Hydraulic fittings are parts used to connect hydraulic hoses to other components. Hydraulic couplings are used in a variety of machines and equipment across all major industries. They are used in manufacturing hydraulics and assembly lines, water and sewage systems, oil refineries, and construction site hydraulics, to name a few.

There are different types of hydraulic fittings; each one serves a different purpose. They also come in different sizes, materials, types of seals, and temperature and pressure tolerances. For instance, a hydraulic fitting can either allow or prevent the flow of fluid. In some cases, the fittings are dual-use and can do both. But the most important quality of a hydraulic fitting is how effective it is in creating a tight seal.

The two main types of hydraulic fittings are crimped fittings and field attachable fittings. As the name implies, field attachable fittings or reusable fittings consist of a socket and a nipple and can be installed anywhere without using a crimper.

A crimped fitting is a permanent fitting that is sealed with a crimping machine. Crimped fittings are much more secure than a field attachable fitting but do need the equipment to make the seal. While many crimping machines are larger units that stay in the workshop, there are also many portable and handheld hydraulic crimpers to bridge the gap between crimp couplings and field attachable fittings.

What Are Hydraulic Hose Fittings Made Of?

Hydraulic fittings can be made from many materials, the most common ones being  plastic, stainless steel, or brass. The type of assembly or industry application usually determines what material is suitable.

Let&#;s take a closer look at the most common materials used in hydraulic fittings:

• Plastic Hydraulic Fittings &#; these types are much more resistant to corrosion compared to their metal counterparts. However, they are physically weaker and less durable. This is why they are not preferred for hydraulic applications despite the low cost. Metal fittings are better suited for high-pressure ratings found in industrial applications.

• Steel Hydraulic Fittings &#; these types of fittings are made of steel alloys which means they are far more durable than their plastic counterparts. For instance, carbon steel fittings can withstand temperatures from -53°C up to 260°C.
• Stainless Steel Fittings &#; as the name suggests, these are the stainless steel variant of steel hydraulic fittings. Stainless steel fittings are utilised in situations where they would need to withstand temperatures ranging from -253°C up to 648°C. Their tough nature makes them the choice of fitting for highly corrosive environments. Fittings made from this material are generally rated up to 10,000 psi, with some special designs capable of withstanding up to 20,000 psi. The primary drawback for these is their high price, which usually prompts industries to consider alternatives for less hard-wearing applications.
• Brass Fittings &#; these are not as strong or durable as their stainless steel counterparts. However, they can provide a tight seal that prevents leaks and meet SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), ISO (International Organization for Standardization), DIN (Deutsches Institute für Normung), and JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) standards, among others. Brass fittings are rated for temperatures from -53°C up to 204°C, and pressures up to 3,000 psi.
• Aluminium Fittings &#; hydraulic fittings made from aluminium are less common, but do exist and are used in certain applications. They are lighter than steel but are resistant to corrosion. These qualities make them preferable in transportation hydraulics such as the automotive industry.
  

Types Of Hydraulic Fittings

Factors to consider when choosing a hydraulic fitting include deciding whether to use one that is permanent or reusable, as well as the type of port connections, fitting ends, and the sealing method.

Remember to consult with an expert or professional when deciding which type of hydraulic fitting to use. Each type has its own use case scenario that would not be suitable for others. Using the wrong fitting could lead to malfunctions, damages, or even endanger lives.

Permanent Vs Field Reusable Fittings

Permanent hydraulic fittings (also known as crimped fittings) require a crimping machine to be attached to a hose, while reusable hydraulic fittings connect to hoses using a wrench and a vice. 

Permanent hydraulic fittings are much more common than their reusable counterparts. They are easy to identify and assemble with the use of a hydraulic crimper and have a reputation for being the most reliable type of fitting. They are widespread in the fluid power industry due to their ease of use. On the other hand, reusable hydraulic fittings are not as popular because of their higher cost and time-consuming process.

With the growing popularity of portable hydraulic crimpers suitable for mobile technicians and on-site use, reusable hydraulic fittings are gradually falling out of favour.

Fitting Ends And Connector Types

The three most common fitting ends and connector types for hydraulic fittings are the O-ring, the mated angle, and the tapered thread connectors. Although these are the most popular choices, several other types are used in different and specialised applications.

Since hydraulic fittings vary in how they seal connections, it is important to consider seeking professional or technical advice to avoid leaks or other dangerous scenarios.

The primary fittings and connector types are:

• O-Ring Face Seal (ORFS) &#; hydraulic fittings equipped with this kind of sealing method provide a secure and reliable elastomeric seal preferred for applications with any risk of leaking fluids. They can eliminate leaks in hydraulic systems that operate at pressures that can reach up to 6,000 psi. ORFS fittings can be split into the following types:
  • Straight ORFS Fitting &#; a straight screw connection with a male ORFS connection point to male PRT, G, or metric threads.
  • Elbow ORFS Fitting is an elbow screw connection with an ORFS female connection and an ORFS male connection at an angle.
  • Tee ORFS Fitting &#; this is a T-shaped screw connection with three connection ports. One is a female ORFS connection port, with two other male ORFS connection ports.
  • Cross ORFS Fitting &#; this is equipped with four male ORFS connection ports and is useful for distribution or combining.
• DIN Or BSP &#; these stand for &#;Deutsches Institut für Normung&#; and &#;British Standard Pipe&#; and are a type of hydraulic fitting commonly used across Europe.

• DIN hydraulic fittings are interchangeable with different brands of fittings. They are used in industrial, construction, and oil applications and industries.
• BSP hydraulic fittings have screw threads that conform to BSP standards. These fittings are used primarily for interconnecting pipes and sealing, which is achieved by interlocking the external (male) with the internal (female) thread. These fittings are commonly found in plumbing industries and are widely accepted worldwide except for North America due to the American National Pipe Tapered Thread (NPT) standard.
• Mated Angle &#; hydraulic fittings with an angle seat equipped with either straight or parallel threads for sealing. When the male and female counterparts are threaded together, the threads don&#;t actually form the seal. Instead, the fitting mechanically creates a seal by bringing the mating angle seats together, making the seal.
• Tapered Threads &#; this type of hydraulic fitting has a male and female thread. Male fittings have their threads on the outside, while female fittings have theirs on the inside. The tapered thread deforms when the male and female fittings are threaded together. This consequently applies pressure on the couplings, which create the seal. Unfortunately, these fittings are prone to shredding and contaminate sensitive areas, which often causes them to be prohibited for use in hydraulic and pneumatic systems. In addition, the lubricity of these fittings has also been known to cause over-torquing.

What Does JIC Mean In Hydraulic Fittings?

JIC stands for Joint Industry Council, defined by SAE J514 &#; compression fittings that have a 37-degree flare seating surface and parallel threads. These fittings are usually manufactured using nickel alloys, brass, carbon, and stainless steel.

JIC hydraulic fittings and connections are usually used in fluid power systems. Both the male and female fittings have 37-degree seats, whose seals are made by creating a contact between the flare of the male component and the coned seat of the female component. Connections of this type are considered mechanical.

Advantages of JIC Hydraulic Fittings include:

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• Have a wide range of fittings to cater to all industries
• Are created with SAE regulations and fittings in mind, making them highly compatible and versatile
• Work perfectly in high-temperature applications
• Are highly durable. They can be disconnected and reconnected constantly without  damaging the fitting.

However, JIC fittings also come with their fair share of disadvantages:

• These fittings have a lower pressure rating compared to other types. This makes them unsuitable for applications with high vibrations
• Their application is limited only to hydraulic fluid and non-critical applications due to the metal-to-metal design.
• They are very susceptible to cracking resulting from over-tightening.

How To Identify Hydraulic Hose Fittings

To properly identify the hydraulic hose fitting for the application, determine the type of fitting, match the port connection with that of the hose, and determine the type of seal and fitting design and size of the thread.

1. Determine the type of fitting &#; check to see if the fitting is crimped or reusable. Newer equipment and connections are usually crimped.
2. Match the port connection with that of the hose &#; another important part is to make sure that the port connection matches the one on the hydraulic hose. Refer to the table below.

Port Connection Hose Connection BSPP (JISPF) 60 degree NPSM Swivel BSPT (JIS-PT) 30 degree Flare (Metric) DIN Metric O-Ring Face Seal (ORFS) ISO 24 Degree Flareless (DIN) JIS-B 30 Degree Flare (BSPP) Metric Taper 45 Degree Flare NPT-NPTF 37 Degree Flare SAE Straight Thread 24 Degree Flareless (SAE)

3. Determine the type of seal &#; referring to the physical dimensions and technical characteristics, identify whether it is using an O-Ring, a Mated Angle, or a Tapered Thread. Mated Angles are based on straight and parallel thread types, in which the male and female units will form the seal. Tapered Threads will have the threads on the outside if it is a male unit and on the inside if it is female. Lastly, O-Rings (ORFS) will already include the seal.
4. Determine the fitting design and size of the thread &#; refer to the list below for the most common and widely used hydraulic fittings.

• NPT/NPTF &#; this is the most commonly used type of thread in North America and is recognisable by its tapered inner diameter and outer diameter. This creates a self-sealing fitting.
• BSPT (JIS-PT) &#; also known as the British Thread Type, is standard fittings adopted internationally for making connections and sealing pipe ends.
• Metric Taper &#; this is the most commonly used thread type in Europe and is known for its precise cylindrical inner and outer diameters.
• SAE Straight Thread &#; a thread type known for its reliability and reusability-has excellent sealing due to its 90-durometer O-rings.
• ISO &#; this is equipped with a straight thread O-ring port, useful for diagnostic port applications.
• JIS-B &#; this thread type is primarily used as a hose adapter for equipment manufactured in Japan or Korea. These usually come with BSP threads.
• DIN Metric &#; Since this thread type uses the German Industrial Standard, they are popular throughout Germany and the majority of Europe.
• BSPP (JIS-PF) &#; These are BSPP connectors that follow the standard British thread dimensions.
• 4-Bolt Flange &#; these come in a variety of types, catering to either standard or heavy-duty applications.

How Do You Choose the End Fittings For a Hydraulic Hose?

The criteria for choosing the right end fittings for hydraulic hoses are size, material, temperature, pressure, application, and assembly. The proper assessment of these criteria is critical to ensure the safety and reliability of the connections. Each of the factors mentioned above are detailed below:

1. Size &#; when it comes to the size, the important measurements to consider are the internal and external diameters of the hydraulic fittings. The diameters have to be compatible with that of the hydraulic hose. Fittings over or under-sized won&#;t be sealed properly and cause the connection to fail or leak.
2. Material &#; different materials have different properties, which affect and determine the compatibility with the fluid. As such, making sure that the fitting is compatible with both the hydraulic fluid and the working environment is critical. Determine both and choose between brass, aluminium, steel, or stainless steel. The most widely-used sealing materials are O-rings made from NBR (Nitrile).
3. Temperature &#; aside from ensuring that the different materials that make up hydraulic fittings are resistant to the operating temperatures, the type of fittings should also be considered.
4. Pressure &#; the amount of pressure the hydraulic fitting is subjected to differ across varying industries and applications. Make sure that the fittings are rated for the pressure range required. Operating beyond the rated pressure may cause leaks and even danger to people in the working environment.
5. Application &#; depending on the industry or application, the fittings could be used for either mixing or distributing. As such, hydraulic fittings such as the T-shape and the cross-shape come into consideration.

6. Assembly &#; hydraulic systems that require frequent connections and disconnections of the hose or tube should consider quick-connect fittings. For instance, hydraulic compression fittings can also remove the need to weld or solder the fitting. It uses a compression nut that tightens against the ferrule, creating a tight seal.
7. Permanence &#; Needing a permanent fitting or one that can be removed and changed frequently will affect the fitting style you choose. If this fitting is going to be changed often, a field attachable fitting will work just fine, but if you need something permanent and strong, using a crimping machine to crimp your fitting permanently is the perfect option.

Aside from this criteria, the hydraulic fluids used in the industry should also determine what type of coupling is best. Not all fittings are compatible with all hydraulic fluids. The primary hydraulic fluid types are petroleum-based, water-based or synthetic-based fluids.

How To Install Hydraulic Hose Fittings

Proper hydraulic hose fittings require selecting the right fitting, knowing the insertion depth, and using a hydraulic crimper.

1. Ensure that you have the right type and size of length for the hydraulic hose required for the application. You can opt to use hose cutters to cut it to the correct length with clean ends. This will reduce the risk of assembly failures or contamination.
2. Identify the correct hydraulic hose fitting by considering the size, temperature, pressure, style, material, and orientation. The type of hydraulic fluid used in operation should also be accounted for.
3. Determine the fitting&#;s depth of insertion, and place a mark on the hydraulic hose. If necessary, apply lubricant and insert the hose into the fitting using the mark as a guide.
4. Using a crimper, adjust to the fitting&#;s diameter &#; refer to the relevant crimp chart for specific instructions. The end of the hose should be placed within the crimping machine for crimping.
5. After verifying that the crimper is set to the suitable diameter, clean the hose assembly. This will prevent any contamination.

How To Seal Hydraulic Fittings

Hydraulic fittings are sealed either through O-rings, thread sealants, or self-sealing like SAE flanged fittings. They do not need to be manually sealed.

Do You Use Teflon Tape On Hydraulic Fittings?

Teflon tapes should not be used on hydraulic fittings since a seal is already created through an O-ring,metal face seal or threads. Although leaks can be caused by normal wear and tear due to operations and changes in temperatures and pressure, leaks are usually a sign of incorrect use or connection of hydraulic fittings. 

Should your hydraulic connections show any form of leak or damage, try to suspend the flow of any liquid or material through the hose for inspection and immediately arrange hydraulics inspection and repairs.

Remember that choosing the right hydraulic fitting for the operational environment is critical to a safe work environment.

Related Questions

How Do You Connect Two Hydraulic Hoses Together?

Before connecting hydraulic hoses, make sure you wear protective clothing and allow pressure out of the hydraulic system first. You could be connecting hydraulic hoses due to damage on the previous one, or you could just be connecting hoses of a new hydraulic system. If so, follow the step by step guide below.

1. Step 1 &#; Make sure that both hydraulic hoses are identical and have the right fittings. If the component is placed so that there will be friction with other machines, pipes, or components, you may opt to place an abrasive sleeve.
2. Step 2 &#; Clean all both hydraulic hoses &#; their connectors and fittings. Once you have removed all signs of dirt and debris, install one side of the hose into the fitting and proceed to rotate clockwise to tighten.
3. Step 3 &#; Install the other hydraulic hose into the connector and hold it in place using a wrench. Rotate the connector until it is tight enough that it locks in place.
4. Step 4 &#; Place any required coverings on the hose and test the hydraulic systems under low pressure. Once no leaks have been found, you may proceed to raise the pressure or temperature to normal operating levels.

Society of Automotive Engineers Thread (SAE)

SAE J Straight Thread O-Ring Boss (ORB) is recommended by the National Fire Protection Association (N.F.P.A.) for leak prevention in medium and high pressure hydraulic systems. The male connection is a straight thread with an O-ring. The female port has a straight thread and a machined surface to provide a smooth, flat surface (minimum spotface), along with a chamfer where the O-ring seats. It seals when the O-ring is compressed into the chamfer when mating the male connection. This is also considered a mechanical connection. 

SAE J514 JIC/37° Hydraulic connections are common in most fluid power systems. Both male and female components have 37° seats. The seal is made by establishing contact between the male flared and female coned seat. This is also considered a mechanical connection.

SAE J512 45° connections are used in automotive, refrigeration and truck pipe systems. These connectors are typically brass material. The male and female connections have 45° seats, where the seal is make where the male flare and the female cone meet. This is a mechanical connection also. 

NOTE dash sizes: -02, -03, -04, -05, -08, and -10 of SAE 37° and SAE 45° have the same threads, but NOT the same seat angles. Intermixing the two different types of fittings will result in leakage, so use care in measuring seat angles. 

SAE J (ORFS) O-ring Face Seal connections are considered the best for leak control. The male connector has a straight thread and an O-ring in the face. The female has a straight thread and a machined flat face. The seal takes place by compressing the O-ring onto the flat face of the female, similar to the split flange type fitting. The threads maintain the connection mechanically. 

SAE J512 Inverted connections are typically used in automotive systems. The male connector is either a 45° flare within the tube fitting or a 42° seat in the machined adapter. The female incorporates a straight thread with a 42° inverted flare. The fittings are sealed at the flared surfaces. These threads also maintain a mechanical connection. 

SAE J518 4-Bolt Flange* There are two pressure ratings for these connections: Code 61 which is considered the standard series and Code 62 which is the PSI series. The design is the same for each series, yet the flange head diameters and bolt hole spacing are larger for the PSI high pressure Code 62 connection. The female port of the fitting is a smooth, un-threaded port with four bolt holes set in a rectangular pattern around the port. The male is a flanged head with a groove for an O-ring and either split or captive flange halves and bolt holes which match the port. The seal is made where the O-ring is compressed between the flanged head and the flat surface of the port. The connection is held by threaded bolts.
*Excluding bolt sizes, SAE J518, JIS B , ISO/DIS and DIN are interchangeable.

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